The Helen Alexander Lecture: The Case for the Sustainable Development Goals

海伦· 亚历山大讲座：为何要实现可持续发展目标

 

Christine Lagarde, Managing Director, International Monetary Fund

国际货币基金组织总裁 克里斯蒂娜·拉加德

 

London, September 17, 2018

2018年9月17日，伦敦

 

Good evening. I am honored to join you tonight, for this inaugural lecture in memory of a remarkable woman – Dame Helen Alexander. I want to extend a special greeting to her husband Tim; her children Nina, Leo, and Gregory; and all of her family and friends gathered here this evening. Thank you Zanny for your kind invitation and thank you John for your gracious introduction. Let me also acknowledge Carolyn Fairbairn from the Confederation of British Industry, and all here from UBM and the University of Southampton.

 

各位晚上好。今晚我很荣幸和大家一起参加开幕讲座，纪念一位了不起的女士——海伦·亚历山大夫人。我谨向海伦的丈夫蒂姆，其子女妮娜、利奥和格雷戈里以及今晚所有在座的她的家人和朋友致以特别问候。我要感谢詹妮，谢谢你盛情邀请，我还要感谢约翰，谢谢你亲切的介绍。我还要感谢英国工业联合会的卡罗琳·费尔贝恩，以及所有在座的博文公司和南安普顿大学的各位。

 

When pondering this dual set of virtues associated with Helen – and having in mind some of the most pressing challenges facing the world that Helen tracked so closely – I thought it would be appropriate to focus my remarks on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), endorsed by the community of nations in 2015 as a policy roadmap through 2030.

 

正是海伦具备的这种双重美德，还因海伦一直密切跟踪当今世界面临的一些最紧迫的挑战，我觉得把讲话的重点放在可持续发展目标上再恰当不过了。国际社会在2015年就批准了可持续发展目标，将其作为需要贯彻至2030年的政策路线图。

 

The SDGs lay out the contours of the world we want, and indeed need – a world free of poverty and deprivation; a fairer world; a world that respects natural limits. They represent the interlinked “5 Ps” of prosperity, people, planet, partnerships, and peace.

 

在可持续发展目标为我们勾勒的世界里，没有贫穷和贫困，社会更加公平，自然边界得到尊重，这是一个理想世界，也是我们亟需建立的世界。可持续发展目标彰显了繁荣、人民、地球、合作与和平，“五个方面”相互联系，彼此息息相关。

 

The SDGs are the right response to the great challenges of the 21st century, the right antidote to the loss of trust in institutions of all kind, and, in some countries, the loss of faith in global cooperation. 

 

21世纪面临巨大挑战，人们不再信任各种机构，一些国家的人们也对全球合作失去信心，而可持续发展目标能够应对这些挑战，是解决这些问题的一剂良方。

 

 Here’s the rub, though: turning these aspirations into concrete plans will not be easy. It will require those traits that defined the character of Helen – practicality twinned with decency.

 

问题难在如何将这些目标转化为具体的计划。要实现这些目标，我们不仅要求真务实，还要正直无私，这正是海伦具备的宝贵品格。

 

The SDG agenda is an encompassing one. My focus tonight will be more limited – the overlap between the SDGs and the IMF mandate for global economic stability and economic prosperity that is both inclusive and sustainable.

 

可持续发展目标的议程范围广泛，而今晚我要说的内容范围较小，我想重点谈一谈在促进全球经济稳定与兼具包容和可持续性的经济繁荣方面，可持续发展目标与基金组织之间的交汇点。

 

Specifically, I will address four dimensions: (1) economic – helping the low-income countries achieve the SDGs; (2) social – the importance of inclusion and equity; (3) environmental – tackling climate change; and (4) governance – the centrality of strong institutions.

 

具体而言，我想讨论四个层面的问题：（一）经济层面——帮助低收入国家实现可持续发展目标；（二）社会层面——重视包容和公平；（三）环境层面——应对气候变化；和（四） 治理层面——强有力的机构发挥核心作用。

 

Ⅰ. Economic dimension

一、经济层面

 

Let me begin with the economic dimension – where I would like to focus on the particular SDG challenges of the low-income countries.

 

首先我想谈一谈经济层面的问题，我的重点是低收入国家在实现可持续发展目标方面遇到的一些具体挑战。

 

Consider some facts. Over a billion people have lifted themselves out of extreme poverty since 1990, in the context of greater integration. This is a remarkable achievement, unprecedented across the entire span of human history. Yet almost 800 million people remain mired in extreme poverty today.

 

我想请大家注意一些事实。自1990年以来，在世界一体化程度提高的背景下，有10多亿人口摆脱了极端贫困。这是一项了不起的成就，在整个人类历史上没有先例。然而，今天仍有近8亿人口在赤贫中挣扎。

 

With health too, child mortality has fallen by half since 1990, thanks in no small part to the Millennium Development Goals, the precursor of the SDGs. And yet, despite this massive reduction, almost 6 million children still die each year before their fifth birthday – and in nearly all cases, basic medical interventions could save their lives.

 

在健康方面，自1990年以来，儿童死亡率已下降了一半，这在很大程度上要归功于“千年发展目标”，可持续发展目标的前身。但是，尽管儿童死亡率已大幅下降，但5岁以下儿童每年的死亡人数仍近600万，而基本医疗干预本可以挽救几乎所有这些孩子的生命。

 

The same is true with education – great progress, but great gaps remaining. In sub-Saharan Africa, about a fifth of primary age children are not attending school. And too many of those in school are not learning. Across the world, 58 percent of students in primary and lower secondary school – 617 million children – do not have basic proficiency in reading and mathematics.

 

教育领域也取得巨大进步，但仍存在巨大差距。在撒哈拉以南非洲，学龄儿童辍学率约为五分之一。哪怕是留在学校的学生，也没有多少人在学习。在世界范围，58%的小学生和初中生（总计6.17亿儿童）缺乏基本的识字和识数能力。

 

According to UNESCO, world poverty would be cut in half if all completed secondary education. And given what we know about the future of work, how can anybody thrive in the modern economy without at least a secondary education?

 

根据教科文组织的预测，如果人人都完成中等教育，世界贫穷人口将会减半。按照我们对未来工作的认识，任何人，如果没有接受过至少中等教育，怎么能在现代经济中有良好的发展？

 

As H.G. Wells once noted, “Human history becomes more and more a race between education and catastrophe.”

 

正如H.G.威尔斯曾经指出的，“人类历史已经成为教育与灾难之间越来越激烈的一场赛跑。”

 

I could make similar points about the economic effects of lack of access to the other material bases of human flourishing – healthcare, clean water and sanitation, clean energy, and availability of finance to help people protect themselves and get ahead.

 

面对人类的基本需要：医疗保健、清洁饮用水与卫生，以及清洁能源与资金，我和威尔斯先生一样，有着同样的担忧。这些是人类保护自己和发展所必需的。

 

I know Helen cared passionately about these issues. She understood the critical importance of education attuned to modern challenges, relishing her role as Chancellor of the University of Southampton. She loved seeing the excitement in the faces of the graduates as she handed out degrees.

 

我知道海伦非常关心这些问题。她了解教育对解决现代的各种挑战至关重要，很珍惜她在南安普顿大学校长的位置上发挥的作用。她喜欢在颁发学位证书时看到毕业生的脸上洋溢着兴奋之情。

 

On healthcare too, she was so proud of the cancer immunology center at Southampton. She ran the Race for Life every year since 2002, even in 2015, on the eve of major surgery. When people she knew were ill, she would always visit them in hospital.

 

同样，在医疗保健方面，她为建立南安普顿癌症免疫中心感到自豪。自2002年以来，她每年都参加“为拯救生命奔跑”活动，即使在2015年接受大手术的前夕也不例外。当她相识的病人生病，她总会去医院探望。

 

We at the IMF appreciate that human capital is essential for growth and development. We are committed to supporting these SDGs by offering help on the macroeconomic side.

 

基金组织深刻地认识到，人力资本对增长和发展至关重要。我们致力于提供宏观经济方面的帮助，支持这些可持续发展目标。

 

Specifically, we are estimating spending needs for five key sectors – education, health, water and sanitation, roads, and electricity – for both emerging markets and low-income countries. And we are exploring financing solutions.

 

具体而言，我们正在评估新兴市场和低收入国家在教育、卫生、饮用水与环境卫生、道路和电力等五个关键部门的支出需求。我们正在探索融资解决方案。

 

 Next week, I will be presenting these findings at a special session of the United Nations called by Secretary General Guterres. I will not preempt the results here, but I will say this: for the low-income countries in particular, meeting the additional spending needs will require a strong partnership between all stakeholders – countries themselves, but also official donors, philanthropy, and private finance. I am optimistic that this can be done.

 

下周，我将在古特雷斯秘书长召集的一次联合国特别会议上介绍评估的结果。今晚我不会预先透露这些结果，但是，我要说的是，满足额外支出需求（尤其是低收入国家）要求所有利益相关方，包括各国本身、官方捐助者、慈善机构以及私人融资通力合作。我乐观地认为这是可以实现的。

 

There are some added complications to grapple with, however. The need to increase spending comes at a time when debt in low-income countries is looking increasingly precarious – 40 percent of them now face high risk of debt distress or are unable to service their debt fully, up from 21 percent five years ago. On top of that, low-income countries are borrowing more on non-concessional terms, increasing interest service costs. If implementing the SDGs is a race, it is increasingly an uphill one.

 

然而，还有一些因素使局面愈加复杂，也需要得到解决。低收入国家需要增加支出，但其债务危机却越演越烈，这些国家有40%面临严重的债务违约风险，或者无法全额偿还债务，而五年前这一比例仅为21%。最为突出的问题是，低收入国家借入的非优惠贷款越来越多，导致偿息成本越来越高。如果落实可持续发展目标就像是一场赛跑，那么这场比赛正变得越来越艰难。

 

Ultimately, supporting the SDGs in the low-income countries must be a global priority. It is not only the right thing to do; it is the smart thing to do. It is not only about solidarity; it is about self-interest. For without sustainable development at home, the bubbling economic and social pressures – made worse by rapid population growth and growing environmental stress – will surely spill across borders, including through mass movements of peoples.

 

最终，支持低收入国家的可持续发展目标必须成为全球优先事项。这不仅是正确的，也是明智之举。这不仅仅是有关团结，也关系到各国的自身利益。如果没有自身的可持续发展，人口迅速增长和环境压力不断增大将导致经济和社会压力加剧，这必然会产生跨国溢出效应，包括通过大规模的人口流动。

 

 This is why partnerships are so important. What is required is a sense of co-responsibility for the common good – underpinned by that blend of practicality and humanity that defined Helen’s character. I can only imagine how she would have encouraged the CBI members when she was leading them.

 

这就是合作伙伴关系如此重要的原因。我们需建立共同的责任感，这种责任感的基础就是海伦的品格中闪耀的务实与仁爱精神。我能想象在领导英国工业联合会时，海伦是如何鼓励其成员的。

 

Ⅱ. Social dimension

二、社会层面

 

 Let me now turn to the second broad dimension of the SDGs – inclusion, both in terms of income inequality and gender equity.

 

接下来，我想谈谈包容问题，它是可持续发展目标的第二个广泛层面，我想从收入不平等和性别公平两个方面阐述这个问题。

 

Income inequality has become one of the global economy’s greatest challenges. Indeed, some regions have seen remarkable progress in reducing poverty and expanding the middle class over the past few decades. And inequality has been reduced between countries. But not within countries.

 

收入不平等已经一个最大的全球经济挑战。事实上，在过去几十年里，一些区域确实在减贫和扩大中等收入群体方面取得显著进展。各国之间的不平等程度有所降低。但是，各国内部的不平等并没有降低。

 

Since 1980, the top one percent globally has seen twice as much of the gains from growth as the bottom 50 percent. Over that period, income inequality has been on the rise in most advanced economies. This is partly due to technology, partly due to global integration, and partly due to policies that favor capital over labor.

 

但自1980年以来，全球人口1%的富人从增长中获得的好处是占全球人口50%的穷人的两倍。期间，大多数先进经济体的收入不平等现象一直呈上升趋势。出现这种情况一部分原因在于技术，一部分原因在于全球一体化，还有部分原因要归咎于有利于资本而非劳动力的政策。

 

 The implications are alarming, especially among these advanced economies. In these countries, rising inequality is contributing to the withering away of entire communities and ways of life; the unraveling of social cohesion and sense of a common destiny; and the growing tendency to replace deliberation with demonization, partnership with parochialism.

 

由此造成的影响令人警惕，特别是在这些发达经济体中。在这些国家，整个社区都在逐渐萎缩，旧有的生活方式日趋消亡，社会凝聚力和共同的使命感土崩瓦解，妖魔化言论泛滥，一步步蚕食审慎的思考，狭隘主义甚嚣尘上，取代了合作精神，而这一切的背后，都有着日益增长的不平等在推波助澜。

 

Naturally, this makes it much harder to reach agreement on the kinds of policies and partnerships needed for the SDGs.

 

在这种情况下，自然更加难以达成实现可持续发展目标所需的各种政策和伙伴关系。

 

It is also not surprising that IMF research has found that reducing inequality is associated with stronger and more sustainable growth.

 

因此，基金组织的研究不难发现，在减少不平等与更强劲、更具可持续的增长之间存在着关联。

 

A key issue here is that excessive inequality can undermine the idea of a meritocratic society, as a small minority gain privileged access to the many tangible and intangible benefits needed to get ahead – whether it is education, cultural enrichment, or well-placed connections. Such exclusion, whereby inequality of outcomes feeds through to inequality of opportunities, hurts productivity because it deprives the economy of the skills and talents of those who are excluded.

 

关键问题是，过度不平等可以摧毁精英社会的理念，因为一小部分人凭借特权获得了诸多有形和无形的优势，包括教育、文化熏陶和良好的关系网。这种排他性造成结果不平等，由此导致机会不平等，进而损害生产力，因为那些拥有技能和才干的人们因这种排他性无法在经济中发挥作用。

 

Again, I know this was something that Helen cared deeply about – a meritocratic society, a desire to make sure that everyone could use the opportunities available to them and fulfil their potential.

 

同样，我知道海伦非常关心建立精英社会，希望确保人人能够利用提供的机会，发挥自身潜力。

 

 As Maxim Gorky once said, “Everybody lives for something better to come. That’s why we want to be considerate of every man – who knows what’s in him, why he was born and what he can do?”

 

正如马克西姆·高尔基曾说过的那样，“人人为了追求更美好的事物而活着。这就是为什么要体谅每个人——谁知道他具有什么能力，又为何出生，能做些什么呢？”

 

When it comes to reducing inequality, our research suggests an important role for public investment in areas such as health, education, and social protection systems. Given the scale of the problem, the private sector also has a role to play. Indeed, as we face the challenges associated with the Fourth Industrial Revolution, we should urge business to think of new ways to strengthen and expand their economic and social responsibility.

 

在减少不平等方面，我们的研究表明，卫生、教育和社会保障系统等领域的投资能发挥重要作用。鉴于该问题的范围广泛，私营部门也可以发挥作用。事实上，在面对第四次工业革命带来的挑战时，我们应该敦促企业思考增强和扩大其经济和社会责任的新方法。

 

And what about that other dimension of inclusion – gender equity?

 

性别公平是包容问题的另一个层面，那么它的情况又怎样呢？

 

The sad reality is that girls and women all over the world continue to face the daily indignities of discrimination, harassment, and too often violence as well.

 

现实令人悲哀，在世界各地，女童和妇女在日常生活中继续蒙受羞辱，遭到歧视和骚扰，频繁遭受暴力。

 

Even focusing on the economic dimension alone, the news is sobering. About 90 percent of countries have some legal restriction on women’ s economic activity.

 

即使仅从经济方面考察，情况发人深思。在大约90%的国家，妇女的经济活动都受到某种程度的法律限制。

 

This is another area where inclusion makes for good economics. Here in the UK, as Helen herself flagged in her famous Hampton-Alexander Review, eliminating gender gaps in labor force participation can boost GDP by 5 to 8 percent.

                         

包容还能从另一个方面带来良好的经济效益。正如海伦在她主持的著名的汉普顿-亚历山大评论机构大力倡导的那样，此时此地在英国，如果消除劳动力参与中的性别差距，GDP可提高5%至8%。

 

At the IMF, we have shown that this story is repeated all over the world. In sub-Saharan Africa, for example, we estimate that lowering gender inequality by 10 percentage points could boost growth by 2 percentage points over five years. We clearly need this growth boost to support the SDGs.

 

在基金组织，我们已经证明这种情况在世界各地俯首皆是。例如，在撒哈拉以南非洲，我们估计，如果性别不平等降低10个百分点，未来5年的经济增长率可提高2个百分点。我们非常需要这种增长来支持实现可持续发展目标。

 

The beauty of this is that men need not lose out. By bringing more women into the fold, the economy can benefit from their talents, skills, unique perspectives and ideas. This diversity should boost productivity, and lead to higher wages for all.

 

这种做法的妙处在于不会给男性带来损失。吸引更多妇女参与经济，让她们贡献聪明才智、技术技能、独特见解和观点，能够促进经济的发展。这种多样性将会提高生产力，且将提高所有人的工资。

 

How do we increase this participation? Especially in low-income countries, key interventions include reducing gender gaps in health and education, supporting financial inclusion, investing in infrastructure, and ensuing better access to clean water and sanitation. This creates a virtuous cycle – invest in the SDGs and boost women’ s empowerment, which in turn lays the groundwork for broader SDG success. In advanced economies, policies such as parental leave and access to affordable and high-quality childcare can help a lot.

 

我们该如何促进这种参与，特别是在低收入国家？关键的干预措施包括：缩小医疗和教育方面的性别差距；支持金融包容；投资基础设施，确保更好地享有清洁饮用水和环境卫生。这些举措将带来良性循环：为实现可持续发展目标和增强妇女的权能而投资，这相应地又为顺利实现更广泛的可持续发展目标奠定了基础。在先进经济体，育儿假和保障获得实惠的高质量儿童保育的政策可以起到很大的作用。

 

Another crucial dimension is the need to boost female leadership in the corporate world. Again, evidence suggests that this leads to better outcomes – one study shows that adding one more woman in senior management or to a corporate board raises the return on assets by 8-13 basis points.

 

必须提升妇女在工商业界的领导能力，这是另一个重要方面。同样，有证据表明此举会带来更好的成果。一项研究指出，高级管理层或公司董事会中每增加一名妇女，资产回报率可提高8—13个基点。

 

In fact, just today, the IMF released a study – which we might say is in honor of Helen – showing that in the financial sector, a higher share of women on bank boards is associated with greater financial resilience. At the same time, we find that more women on banking supervision boards is associated with greater financial stability. Yet there is a long way to go – across the globe, less than a fifth of bank board members and only two percent of bank CEOs are women.

 

实际上，就在今天，基金组织发布了一项研究报告（可以说是致敬海伦），其表明，在金融部门，提高妇女在银行董事会中的比例可以提高金融稳健性。与此同时，我们发现，增加妇女在银行监督委员会中的人数可提高财务稳定性。但我们还有很长的路要走，在世界各地，女性仅占银行董事会成员的不到五分之一，只有2%的银行首席执行官由女性担任。

 

 We know that more diverse views in leadership means less likelihood of sinking into the quagmire of groupthink and unconscious biases. More diverse views in leadership mean more prudent decision-making and a greater focus on longer-term sustainability. I think it is clear that finance would benefit enormously from this greater diversity.

 

我们知道，如果领导层中有更多不同观点，不仅意味着降低了陷入集体思维泥潭和无意识偏见的风险，也意味着决策更谨慎，更重视长期的可持续性。我认为，更高程度的多样性无疑会让金融界受益匪浅。

 

Helen understood all of this. I have already mentioned the Hampton-Alexander Review, surely one of her great legacies. In this, one of her main recommendations was to raise the share of women on executive committees of FTSE 100 companies to 33 percent by 2020, up from 26 percent. And she came to this conclusion with her legendary pragmatism – by “shining a light on the data.”

 

海伦明白这一切。我曾提过《汉普顿-亚历山大评论》（这无疑是她留给我们的一笔巨大财富）。在评论中，她的建议之一就是在2020年之前把女性在FTSE 100公司的执行委员会中的比例从26%提高到33%。而她之所以得出这一结论，是因为她秉持着那种令人惊叹的务实态度，对数据进行了详尽的分析。

 

As she once said in an interview: “If we’re all from the same group, from the same kind of background, if we’re given a problem we tend to get stuck at the same place. If we have different backgrounds and different skills and different cultural heritage, we come out of problems more quickly.”

在一次接受采访时，她曾经说过：“如果我们来自同一个群体，有相同的背景，那么遇到困难时，往往会在同一个问题上束手无策。但如果我们背景不同、技能各异，拥有不同的文化遗产，就能更快地解决问题。”

 

Helen’s own experience shows that this is more than hollow words. In her two decades at the helm of The Economist – as Zanny knows well, on the 175th anniversary of that fine publication – she raised circulation from under 400,000 to almost 1.4 million a week. And at a time when print sales were declining everywhere.

 

海伦身体力行地践行着这一点。她执掌《经济学人》的二十年，是世界各地的纸质出版物销量持续下降的二十年，但《经济学人》的每周发行量从不到40万册增至近140万册，在这份精良出版物创刊175周年之际，这一点詹妮最熟悉清楚。

 

So my fundamental point here is that if we are to succeed with the SDGs, we will need greater diversity in the business world – to raise economic dynamism and to help orient business and finance toward the longer-term investments needed for SDG success. Again, I am optimistic that this can be done.

 

因此，我的基本观点是，要实现可持续发展目标，需要增加工商业界的多样性，这样才能提升经济活力，帮助企业和金融部门确定方向，转而关注实现可持续发展目标所需的长期投资。同样，我乐观地认为这是可以做到的。

 

Ⅲ. Environmental dimension

三、环境层面

 

Let me now turn to the third SDG dimension – making sure that economic progress respects the natural limits of the planet. With each passing year, as heatwaves become habitual and storms become more frequent and ferocious, climate change casts a growing shadow over our well-being and especially the well-being of our children.

 

我还要说一下可持续发展目标的第三个层面，也就是确保经济进步尊重地球的自然边界。随着时间的推移，高温天气变成经常性现象，风暴变得更加频繁和凶猛，气候变化给我们的生活，尤其是我们子孙后代的福祉造成日益严重的影响。

 

The moral is clear – if we turn on nature, nature will turn on us. In the chilling words of T.S. Eliot, “I will show you fear in a handful of dust.”

 

无疑这是一个道德问题——如果我们毁坏自然，自然就会毁灭我们。“我要给你看一把尘土带来的恐惧”，T.S.艾略特的话让人不寒而栗。

 

Yet there are signs of hope. A few months after the SDGs were signed, the nations of the world coalesced around the Paris Agreement, committing themselves to reducing carbon emissions – with the goal of stopping global temperatures rising by more than 2 degrees Celsius over pre-industrial levels. This was a momentous achievement, a remarkable testament to the enduring power of multilateralism.

 

然而，希望依然存在。在签署可持续发展目标几个月之后，世界各国围绕《巴黎协定》达成了一致，承诺减少碳排放，目标是阻止全球气温上升超过工业化前的气温水平2摄氏度以上。这是一项重大成就，是多边主义持久力量的一个显著证明。

 

In turn, this commitment will entail moving toward a zero-carbon global economy over the coming decades. This will not be easy, but I am convinced that the world will be able to deploy its groundswell of global consciousness to take the actions necessary to secure our collective future.

 

同时，此承诺意味着，在未来几十年里，我们将为实现零碳全球经济作出努力。这并非易事，但是，我相信，世界将动员全球意识的力量，采取必要行动，确保我们共同的未来。

 

What is the role of the IMF in this? We can help by offering advice on how best to nudge this energy transition along.

 

基金组织在这方面的作用是什么？我们可以提供建议，帮助用最好的方式推动实现这种能源转变。

 

The best way to do this is to put a price on carbon. Carbon pricing comes with many advantages. It is easy to administer if done by integrating carbon charges into fuel tax systems. It provides the right incentives for all dimensions of decarbonization – better energy efficiency, shifting away from fossil fuels in electricity generation, and moving toward electrification in vehicles, buildings, and industrial processes. It can reduce dangerous levels of air pollution. Plus, carbon taxes can raise revenue of about 1-2 percent of GDP a year, which could be devoted to SDG priorities.

 

最好的解决办法是碳定价。碳定价有许多优势。如果将碳收费纳入燃料税制度，用这种方式进行碳定价，管理起来就相当容易。这种办法能恰当地激励方方面面的去碳工作，它能提高能源效率，鼓励放弃使用化石燃料发电，推动实现车辆、建筑物和工业流程的电气化。它还能降低空气污染的危险程度。此外，碳税可以每年增加约1—2%的GDP收入，这些收入可用于解决可持续发展目标的优先事项。

 

Yet we have a long way to go – even after China’s emissions trading system comes into force in 2020, 80 percent of global emissions will remain unpriced.

 

来路漫长，即使在2020年中国排放交易制度生效之后，全球仍有80%的排放量没有定价。

 

Adaptation to this new normal will also be important. Vulnerable countries will need to invest in areas such as coastal protection and more resilient infrastructure and agriculture. They will need to better manage risk – for example, through regional pooling schemes, contingency funds, and catastrophe bonds.

 

适应这种新常态也很重要。脆弱国家需要投资保护沿海地区，提高基础设施和农业部门抵御灾害的能力。这些国家要加强风险管理，例如制定区域共担计划，建立应急基金，发行巨灾债券。

 

The IMF is committed to helping our member countries build more resilient policy frameworks. Our Climate Change Policy Assessments have evaluated climate strategies in some of the most vulnerable countries – including Belize, Seychelles and St. Lucia. We are also providing fast and flexible emergency funding to countries hit by severe climatic shocks.

 

基金组织致力于帮助我们的成员国建立具有更强灾害抵御能力的政策框架。在基金组织编写的 《气候变化政策评估报告》中，我们对一些最脆弱国家的气候战略进行了评价，其中就包括伯利兹、塞舌尔和圣卢西亚。我们还为遭受严重气候灾害影响的国家提供快速灵活的应急资金。

 

Again, I know this was something Helen cared about deeply. She certainly understood the importance of sustainable practice in the business world. Not many people realize that she trained as a geographer and was proud of that!

 

同样，我知道这也是海伦非常关心的事情。 她非常清楚可持续做法对工商业界的重要性。没有多少人知道，她接受过地理学家培训，并深深地为此感到自豪。

 

Ⅳ. Governance dimension

四、治理层面

 

Let me now turn to the fourth and final SDG pillar – good governance. In a real sense, governance is the foundation upon which everything else is built. If institutions are weak, the odds of SDG success are severely handicapped. This is why the SDGs call for “effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels.”

 

现在我想谈善治问题，它是可持续发展目标的第四项支柱，也是最后一个支柱。从实际意义上讲，治理是构建其他一切事业的基础。如果机构力量薄弱，会严重影响可持续发展目标的实现。这就是为什么可持续发展目标要求“在各级建立有效、可问责和包容的机构”。

 

This applies across the board – public sector and private sector, domestically and globally. It applies to both donors and recipients of official aid – to make sure that aid is delivered effectively and transparently, reaching the people who actually need it, without waste, diversion, or duplication. It applies to private corporations and to state-owned enterprises – to make sure that their investments take place transparently, on a level playing field, benefiting the citizens of the country.

 

无论是公共部门还是私营部门，也无论是在一国国内还是全世界，治理都是构建一切事业的基础。确保有效、透明地发放援助，让真正有需求的人获得援助，不浪费，不挪用，不重叠。这个道理既适用于私营公司，也同样适用于国有企业——确保投资能在公平的竞争环境中透明地进行，于国于民都有益。

 

Let me say a few words about corruption, a true economic and social plague. By undermining trust and delegitimizing institutions, corruption makes it hard for countries to take the collective decisions needed to advance the common good.

 

我还要谈谈腐败问题，它是真正的经济和社会灾难。腐败破坏信任，让机构失去合法性，使各国难以作出必要的集体决策推动实现共同的利益。

 

Think about it. If some do not pay their fair share of taxes, governments cannot raise the revenue needed for SDG priorities. Even worse, the legitimacy of the whole system is undermined. At the same time, if corruption is rampant, governments might be tempted to spend money on projects that generate kickbacks but little social value – again, undermining the SDG agenda.

 

想想这种情况吧。如果一些人不公平地缴税，政府就不能获得实现可持续发展目标优先事项所需的收入。更糟糕的是，整个体系的合法性将遭到破坏。同时，如果腐败盛行，政府可能会受到诱惑，将钱花在一些能获得回扣但几乎不创造任何社会价值的项目上，这必定会破坏可持续发展目标议程。

 

This is just the public sector. We also need the private sector to invest in long-term, sustainable projects that support the SDGs. But they are unlikely to do so if forced to pay a “corruption tax”. The genuine risks and uncertainty that come with any investment decision will surely be magnified by corruption.

 

这还只是对公共部门的影响。我们还需要私营部门为长期、可持续的项目投资，从而支持可持续发展目标。但如果被迫支付“腐败税”，私营部门不可能愿意投资。腐败一定会放大任何投资决策都有的真实风险和不确定性。

 

The private sector is not always the innocent victim, of course. Corporations and investors are sometimes too willing to offer bribes. Financial sectors are sometimes too willing to accept dirty money.

 

当然，私营部门不一定是无辜的受害者。公司和投资者有时十分乐意提供贿赂，而金融部门有时也非常乐意接受来历不明的资金。

 

Unsurprisingly, IMF research has found that corruption and weak governance is associated with lower growth, investment, and tax revenue collection – and with high inequality and social exclusion.

 

不出所料，基金组织的研究已发现，腐败和治理不力与低增长、低投资和低税收收入以及高度的不平等和社会排斥有关联。

 

So what is the solution? Criminal enforcement is essential, of course, but on its own is not enough. Our evidence shows that successful anti-corruption initiatives are built on institutional reforms that emphasize transparency and accountability – for example, shining a light on all aspects of the government budget.

 

解决之路在何方？当然，刑事执法至关重要，但这还不够。我们的证据表明，成功的反腐举措建立在强调透明度和问责制的体制改革的基础上，例如公布政府的各项预算。

 

For this reason, the IMF is stepping up its engagement on governance and corruption, focusing precisely on strong economic institutions. And when we find corruption to be macroeconomic in magnitude, we will not shy away from saying so.

 

考虑到这个原因，基金组织正逐步加强对治理和腐败的参与，精确地将重点放在建立强大的经济机构方面。并且，当我们得知腐败对宏观经济具有重大影响时，我们就不会回避去解决腐败问题。

 

A related problem is the massive extent of tax avoidance and tax evasion. One estimate is that the wealth in offshore financial centers reaches 10 percent of global GDP. Again, this makes it really difficult to finance the SDGs.

 

另一个相关问题是大规模的避税逃税。据估计，离岸金融中心的财富占到全球GDP的10%。同样，这使得为可持续发展目标提供融资变得非常困难。

 

As we all know so well, the values of good governance were Helen’s values. I cannot think of a single person with more honesty, impartiality, and integrity. In her many leadership positions, transparency and accountability were her lodestars. That is what people loved about her, what engendered such fierce loyalty from all who worked with her. It is what drove her remarkable success. There is a lesson there for all of us.

 

我们知道，良好治理的价值观是海伦的价值观。我想不出还有谁比她更诚实、更公正、更正直。她在担任许多领导岗位期间，都把透明和问责制奉为指导准则。这就是为什么人们都爱戴她，为什么所有同事都对她忠诚不渝，这也是她取得非凡成就的原因。我们所有人都能从她身上获得教益。

 

Conclusion

结束语

 

Before I conclude tonight, let me check if you have been paying attention. I quoted Maxim Gorky and H.G. Wells. What do they have in common? Well, besides being great writers and storytellers, they were both lovers of Helen’s grandmother, the indomitable Russian aristocrat Moura Budberg! Clearly, Helen’s family boasts many generations of strong women.

 

在结束今晚的讲话之前，让我检查一下你们是否一直专心聆听。我引用了马克西姆·高尔基和H.G.威尔斯的话，这两位名人有什么共同点？好吧，除了都是伟大的作家和故事家之外，他们都曾是坚韧不拔的俄罗斯女贵族莫拉·巴德勃格的情人，而莫拉正是海伦的祖母，显然，坚强的品格在海伦家族的妇女中代代相传。

 

It is on this theme of generations that I would like to end tonight. Because whether or not we succeed with the SDGs will define this generation’s legacy.

 

我想用上一代人的这件趣事结束今晚的讲话。因为我们能否实现可持续发展目标，将会决定我们能给这一代人留下怎样的遗产。

 

In the musical Hamilton – playing to such acclaim here in London – the main protagonist, Alexander Hamilton, ponders a key question just before he is killed in a duel. “What is a legacy,” he asks. He answers: “It’s planting seeds in a garden you never get to see.”

 

音乐剧《汉密尔顿》如今在伦敦大受欢迎，男主人公亚历山大·汉密尔顿在生死决斗之前，问自己一个重要问题，“什么是遗产”？他给出的答案是，“是在自己永远看不到的花园里播下的种子。”

 

Helen Alexander left behind a remarkable legacy. She left us far too early, and she never got to see the full fruits of the beautiful seeds that she planted. But the next generation will – her children, her students, and all those whose life she illuminated with her charming and witty smile.

 

海伦·亚历山大给我们留下了非凡的遗产。但她离开我们太早，永远看不到她播下的美丽种子结出丰硕的果实。但下一代，包括她的子女、学生以及受其迷人且睿智微笑启迪的所有人，将会看到这一切。

 

I hope we can all bequeath a similar legacy when it comes to the SDGs. We owe it to those who will come after us.

 

我希望在可持续发展目标上，我们都能留下类似的遗产。这是我们应该为子孙后代留下的财富。

 

Thank you very much.

 

非常感谢。 

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