《中国与世界贸易组织》白皮书（三）
China and the World Trade Organization-3
2018年6月28日
28 June 2018
中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室
The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China
四、中国积极推动更高水平对外开放
IV. China Is Actively Advancing Opening-Up to a Higher Level
中国的对外开放不会止步于履行加入世贸组织承诺。面对汹涌澎湃但又充满曲折的经济全球化，中国顺应时代发展潮流和世界发展大势，坚定不移扩大对外开放，不断创造更全面、更深入、更多元的对外开放格局，实现更广泛的互利共赢。
Fulfilling China’s WTO commitments has never been the end point of its opening-up. In the face of the overwhelming trend of economic globalization and its winding path, China keeps pace with the times, takes firm steps to expand opening-up, and makes continuous efforts to open up in a more comprehensive, profound and diversified way, with a view to achieving greater mutual benefit and win-win outcomes.
（一）促进贸易平衡发展
1. Promoting balanced development of trade
中国的贸易战略宗旨是互利共赢、多元平衡。中国注重提升出口质量和附加值，积极扩大进口，更好融入全球价值链。中国不刻意追求货物贸易顺差，客观看待目前服务贸易存在的逆差，支持有利于丰富市场供给、有利于提升人民生活品质、有利于促进产业结构升级的进口。在全面履行加入承诺的基础上，中国近年来又多次以暂定税率方式大幅自主降低进口关税税率。根据世贸组织统计，2015年中国的贸易加权平均关税已降至4.4%，与美国、欧盟等发达经济体相差1.5－2个百分点。截至2017年底，已调减900多个税目产品的税率。在博鳌亚洲论坛2018年年会上，中国宣布将进一步扩大降税范围，努力增加人民群众需求比较集中的特色优势产品进口。
China pursues a trade strategy of mutual benefit, win-win, diversification and balanced development. It endeavors to raise the quality and added-value of its exports, proactively increase imports, and better integrate into the global value chains. China never deliberately pursues trade surplus in goods. At the same time, China takes an objective view towards existing trade deficit in services. The country always welcomes imports that diversify market supply, improve people’s quality of life, and upgrade its industrial structure. In recent years, on top of its commitments to the WTO, China has self-initiated significant reductions to import tariffs on an interim basis for multiple times. According to the WTO, China's trade-weighted average import tariff rate had fallen to 4.4 percent in 2015, only 1.5 to 2 percentage points higher than those of developed economies such as the US and the EU. By the end of 2017, China had reduced tariffs on more than 900 tariff lines. At the 2018 Boao Forum for Asia Annual Conference, China announced plans to further reduce import tariffs and to import more high-quality, distinctive products that meet the strong demand of the Chinese people.
专栏2 中国采取切实行动主动扩大进口
博鳌亚洲论坛2018年年会于2018年4月举行，中国在会上宣布将主动扩大进口。此后，中国立即采取了一系列措施切实扩大进口。
自2018年5月1日期，将包括抗癌药在内的所有普通药品、具有抗癌作用的生物碱类药品及有实际进口的中成药进口关税降至零。此次降税后，中国实际进口的全部抗癌药实现零关税。
自2018年7月1日起，将汽车整车最惠国税率从25%和20%降至15%，将汽车零部件最惠国税率从25%降至6%。此次降税后，中国汽车整车最惠国平均税率13.8%，零部件最惠国平均税率6%。
自2018年7月1日起，将较大范围降低部分日用消费品进口关税，涉及1449个税目，最惠国平均税率从15.7%降至6.9%，平均降幅55.9%。
为满足人民不断增长的消费需求和促进高质量经济发展，中国还将大量增加自全球购买商品和服务。这也有利于各国各地区经济增长和就业。
上述降低关税、扩大进口的具体举措，不仅将带动中国进口增长，丰富国内市场供给，满足人民群众多样化需求，同时也将推动中国供给侧结构性改革，促进产业结构调整和转型升级。
Box 2. China Takes Concrete Action to Expand Imports
At the Boao Forum for Asia Annual Conference held in April 2018, China announced plans to increase imports. It has since taken effective measures to put its plans into action.
From May 1, 2018, China was to eliminate import tariffs on all common drugs including cancer drugs, alkaloid-based drugs that can treat cancer, and imported traditional Chinese medicine. All imported cancer drugs are now exempted from tariffs.
From July 1, 2018, China is to reduce the most-favored-nation (MFN) tariffs for automobiles from 25 percent and 20 percent to 15 percent, and for auto parts from 25 percent to 6 percent. As a result, China’s average MFN rates will have fallen to 13.8 percent for automobiles and 6 percent for auto parts.
From July 1, 2018, China is to cut MFN tariffs for 1,449 consumer products from an average MFN rate of 15.7 percent to 6.9 percent, representing an average reduction of 55.9 percent.
The country will further increase imports of goods and services to meet the rising needs of its consumers and to enhance the quality of its economic development. This will also boost economic growth and employment in other countries and regions.
The aforementioned measures for reducing tariffs and expanding imports will provide abundant supplies to meet diverse domestic demand and promote China's supply-side structural reform and industrial restructuring and upgrading.
（二）提高贸易便利化水平
2. Facilitating international trade
世贸组织《贸易便利化协定》实施一年多以来，中国贸易便利化水平显著提升。目前，中国海关进口货物平均通关时间缩短至20小时以内，出口货物平均通关时间不到2小时。中国加快推进国际贸易“单一窗口”建设和推广。截至2017年底，中国国际贸易“单一窗口”已与11个口岸管理相关部门对接，基本覆盖大通关主要流程，实现企业一点接入、一次提交、一次查验、一键跟踪、一站办理，加速了口岸治理体系现代化建设进程。中国将继续优化监管方式方法，改革口岸管理体制，进一步压缩进出口环节和成本，不断优化口岸营商环境。
China’s efforts to implement the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement, which entered into force in February 2017, have resulted in impressive improvement in China’s trade facilitation. The average time for customs clearance has been reduced to less than 20 hours for imports and less than two hours for exports. China has accelerated the establishment of a single window for international trade. By the end of 2017, the China International Trade Single Window had been connected to 11 authorities and agencies responsible for border control and covered basically all major import and export procedures. This one-stop system enables traders to use a single entry point to declare freight and taxes with a single submission of documents, and track the results after a single joint inspection by the participating authorities. It has accelerated the modernization of China’s port management. China will further optimize supervision and management approaches, reform port administration regime and streamline procedures and reduce costs for import and export, to create a more business-friendly environment at the port.
（三）大幅放宽外商投资准入
3. Substantially widening market access for foreign investment
对外商投资实行准入前国民待遇加负面清单管理模式，是中国适应经济全球化新形势和国际投资规则变化的制度变革。2016年9月，全国人大常委会对《外资企业法》等4部法律进行了修订，将不涉及国家规定实施准入特别管理措施的外商投资企业设立及变更事项，由审批改为备案管理。2018年上半年，中国完成修订外商投资负面清单工作，出台《国务院关于积极有效利用外资推动经济高质量发展若干措施的通知》，进一步大幅度放宽市场准入，包括稳步扩大金融业开放，持续推进服务业开放，深化农业、采矿业、制造业开放。
China has adopted a foreign investment administration model of pre-establishment national treatment plus negative list. This move marks an institutional reform in response to new developments in economic globalization and changes in international rules for investment. In September 2016, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress amended four laws including the Law on Foreign Invested Enterprises. For those foreign-invested enterprises not subject to the special administrative measures on access to foreign investment (the negative list), their establishment and changes are now administered by a “filing for record” approach instead of the examination and approval system. In the first half of 2018, revision of the negative list for foreign investment was completed and the “Notice of the State Council on Measures for Using Foreign Investment Actively and Effectively to Promote High-Quality Economic Development” was issued to further widen market access considerably. China is making efforts to steadily liberalize its financial sector, constantly open up the services industry, and deepen the opening-up of agricultural, mining and manufacturing sectors.
对于船舶行业，中国将于2018年取消外资股比限制，包括设计、制造、修理各环节。对于飞机制造行业，中国将取消外资股比限制，包括干线飞机、支线飞机、通用飞机、直升机、无人机、浮空器等。对于汽车行业，中国将取消专用车、新能源汽车外资股比限制，并将在未来5年内逐步取消汽车行业的全部股比限制。
As regards the shipbuilding industry, China will lift foreign equity caps for companies engaged in the design, manufacturing and repair of vessels in 2018. Moreover, China will lift foreign equity caps on airplane manufacturing of trunk airliners, regional jets, utility aircrafts, helicopters, drones and lighter-than-air aircrafts. In the automobile industry, China will remove foreign equity caps on manufacturing of special-purpose vehicles and new-energy vehicles, and phase out those on all automotive ventures over the next five years.
专栏3 中国扩大金融业对外开放
加入世贸组织后，中国不断完善金融体制改革，拓展金融市场开放深度和广度。自2017年底以来，中国陆续对外宣布了一系列新的金融开放举措，进一步降低市场准入门槛，扩大外资业务范围。其中包括放开银行卡清算机构和非银行支付机构的市场准入限制，放宽外资金融服务公司开展信用评级服务的限制，对外商投资征信机构实行国民待遇；取消银行和金融资产管理公司的外资持股比例限制，允许外国银行在中国境内同时设立分行和子行；取消外资保险公司设立前需开设两年代表处的要求，允许符合条件的境外投资者来华经营保险代理业务和保险公估业务，放开外资保险经纪公司的经营范围；将证券公司、基金管理公司、期货公司、人身险公司的外资持股比例上限放宽至51%，三年后不再设限；鼓励在信托、金融租赁、汽车金融、货币经纪、消费金融等银行业金融领域引入外资；对商业银行新发起设立的金融资产投资公司和理财公司的外资持股比例不设上限等。至此，中国金融业对外开放远远超出了加入世贸组织的承诺。未来，中国将进一步扩大金融业对外开放，将中国金融打造成为具有竞争力、与中国经济规模和影响力相匹配、更加开放的金融体系。
Box 3. China Further Opens up Its Financial Sector to Foreign Investment
Since its accession to the WTO, China has advanced reform of its financial system and pushed the opening of its financial market into further depth and width.
From the end of 2017, China has announced a series of new measures to open up its financial sector, to lower the threshold for market access and expand the business scope of foreign investors, including:
Lifting market access restrictions on bank card clearing institutions and non-bank capayment institutions, easing restrictions on credit rating services by foreign financial services companies, and granting national treatment to foreign credit information service suppliers;
Removing foreign equity caps on banks and financial asset management companies, and allowing foreign banks to set up both branches and subsidiaries in China;
Canceling the requirement that foreign insurers must have a representative office in China for two years before they can establish commercial presence, allowing eligible overseas investors to engage in insurance agency and insurance assessment businesses, and lifting restrictions on the business scope of foreign invested insurance brokerage companies;
Raising foreign equity cap to 51 percent in securities, fund management, futures, and life insurance companies, and removing the limitations after three years;
Encouraging foreign investment in financial services in the banking sector, including trust, financial leasing, auto finance, currency brokerage, and consumer finance; and
Applying no cap on foreign equity for new financial asset investment companies and wealth management companies sponsored and incorporated by commercial banks.
These measures will open up China's financial sector far beyond China’s commitments under the WTO. In the future, China will take further steps to open up its financial industry and develop a more open financial system that is internationally competitive and commensurate with China’s economic scale and influence.
（四）创造更有吸引力的投资环境
4. Creating a more attractive environment for foreign investment
中国积极营造宽松有序的投资环境，放宽外商投资准入，进一步简化外资准入管理程序，建设高标准自由贸易试验区，加强投资促进与投资保护，进一步提升外商投资环境法治化、国际化、便利化水平，让中国市场更加透明、更加规范，促进外资增长，提高利用外资质量。
China makes efforts to create a favorable and orderly investment environment, ease market access for foreign investment, further simplify the administrative procedures on access to foreign investment, build pilot free-trade zones (FTZs) with high standards, and better promote and protect foreign investment. China works to improve an investment climate that conforms to international rules, facilitates foreign investment and is based on the rule of law, and to make its market more transparent and better regulated. These efforts will help attract more foreign investment into China and ensure its effective utilization.
截至2018年3月，中国全面取消非行政许可审批，与2013年3月相比，削减行政审批事项44%。中央政府层面核准的企业投资项目数量累计减少90%。全面改革工商登记、注册资本等商事制度，全面推行注册资本认缴登记制，工商登记前置审批事项压缩了87%，企业开办时间缩短三分之一以上。推进市场准入负面清单制度改革，推行“法无禁止即可为”，切实增强执法公正性，减轻企业负担。
By March 2018, all items for non-administrative license approval had been cancelled, and items for administrative approval had decreased by 44 percent as compared to March 2013. The number of investment projects by enterprises subject to verification of the central government had been reduced by 90 percent. China has comprehensively reformed its systems for business registration and registered capital, rolled out the subscribed capital registration system, and revoked 87 percent of the items subject to examination and approval preceding the industrial and commercial registration. The time for business establishment has been shortened by at least one third. In order to alleviate the burden on businesses, China is advancing the reform of the negative list for market access, promoting the concept of “everything that is not forbidden is allowed”, and reinforcing the impartiality of law enforcement.
中国将继续推进简政、降税、减费改革，继续加强同国际经贸规则对接，增强透明度，强化产权保护，坚持依法办事、鼓励竞争、反对垄断。加快制定出台《外国投资法》，构建符合新时代改革开放需要的外资法律体系，推进更高水平的对外开放和更深层次的外资管理体系改革，保护外商投资和外国投资者合法权益。降低外国人才来华就业、创业门槛。提升各类开发区发展水平，高标准高质量建设自由贸易试验区，探索建设中国特色自由贸易港。
China will continue with the reform to streamline administration, lower taxes, and reduce fees. China will further align its business environment with international economic and trade rules, enhance policy transparency, strengthen the protection of property rights, advance the rule of law, encourage competition and oppose monopoly. The enactment of the Law on Foreign Investment will be expedited to build a legal system for foreign investment that meets the needs of reform and opening-up in the new era, elevate opening-up to a higher level, push for deeper reform in the foreign investment administration system, and protect the legitimate rights and interests of foreign investment and foreign investors. The threshold will be lowered for foreign talents to work and start their own businesses in China. In addition, China will improve various development zones, build the pilot FTZs with high standard and good quality, and explore the construction of free-trade ports with Chinese characteristics.
（五）规范引导企业对外投资
5. Regulating outward investment
中国政府积极引导企业在海外守法经营、履行企业社会责任，支持企业按照商业原则和国际惯例开展对外投资合作。中国将继续积极推动境外投资持续合理有序健康发展，有效防范各类风险，同时，中国呼吁东道国避免滥用安全审查等限制性做法对投资进行过度限制，营造更加公平、透明、可预期的投资环境。
China encourages its enterprises to abide by local laws, fulfill corporate social responsibilities and observe business principles and international practices when they do business in host countries and conduct outward investment cooperation. China will continue to promote the sustainable, reasonable, orderly and sound development of outward investment, and effectively prevent risks of all kinds. Meanwhile, in order to create a more equitable, transparent and predictable environment for foreign investment, China calls on host countries to refrain from abusing security review or adopting other restrictive practices to impose excessive limitations on foreign investment.
（六）加快实施自贸区战略
6. Advancing the Free Trade Area Strategy
多边贸易体制和区域贸易安排是驱动经济全球化向前发展的两个轮子。中国维护多边贸易体制，推动自由贸易区建设。截至2018年5月，中国已与24个国家和地区签署16个自贸协定。2017年，与自贸伙伴的贸易额（不含港澳台）占中国对外贸易总额的25.9%。已签署的自贸协定中，零关税覆盖的产品范围基本超过90%，承诺开放的服务部门已从加入世贸组织时的100个增至近120个。中国将继续坚定不移地推进经济全球化、维护自由贸易，与有关各方早日签署并实施《区域全面经济伙伴关系协定》，加快亚太自贸区和东亚经济共同体建设，构建立足周边、辐射“一带一路”、面向全球的高标准自由贸易区网络。
The multilateral trading system and regional trade arrangement are the two wheels driving economic globalization forward. China upholds the multilateral trading system and promotes free trade arrangements. By May 2018, China had signed 16 free trade agreements (FTA) with 24 countries and regions. In 2017, trade between China and its FTA partners (excluding Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Macao Special Administrative Region, and Taiwan Province) accounted for 25.9 percent of China’s total foreign trade. In those free trade agreements, basically 90 percent of imported products enjoy duty free treatment, and approximately 120 service sectors have been opened to foreign suppliers, compared to 100 service sectors in China’s commitments to the WTO at the time when China joined the organization. Committed to advancing economic globalization and safeguarding free trade, China is negotiating with relevant parties the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership for its early conclusion and implementation, and is accelerating the building of Free Trade Area of Asia-Pacific and East Asia Economic Community. With all these efforts, China will build a high standard network of free trade areas, focusing on the neighboring areas, radiating across the Belt and Road and open to the world.
结束语
Conclusion
当今世界正在经历新一轮大发展大变革大调整，人类面临的不稳定不确定因素依然很多。近年来，逆全球化潮流涌动，保护主义和单边主义抬头，以世贸组织为核心的多边贸易体制遭遇挑战。
The world is undergoing a new round of major development, great change and profound readjustment. The mankind still faces growing uncertainties and destabilizing factors. Surging tides of anti-globalization in recent years, coupled with rising protectionism and unilateralism, have posed severe challenges to the multilateral trading system with the WTO at its core.
经济全球化为世界经济增长提供了强劲动力，是不可逆转的时代潮流，中国与多边贸易体制休戚与共。中国将继续践行承诺、遵守规则，积极参与多边贸易体制建设，坚定支持世贸组织在全球经济治理中发挥更大作用。
Economic globalization has powered global growth and is an irreversible trend of our times. China and the multilateral trading system stand together through thick and thin. China will continue to fulfill its commitments, comply with rules, actively participate in the improvement of the multilateral trading system, and give firm support to the WTO in playing a greater role in global economic governance.
中国经济已由高速增长转向高质量发展，在这一历史进程中，中国将坚定不移贯彻创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的发展理念，完善社会主义市场经济体制，充分激发各类市场主体活力。
China’s economy has been transitioning from rapid growth to high-quality development. In this historic process, China will pursue with firmness the vision of innovative, coordinated, green, and open development that is for everyone, improve the socialist market economy system, and stimulate the vitality of various market entities.
中国将把创新作为引领发展的第一动力，以更加开放的态度，继续加强创新和知识产权保护，加强国际交流合作，使技术发展和创新不仅造福中国而且惠及世界，让越来越多的人享受科技发展带来的便利。
China will take innovation as the primary driving force for development. China will adopt a more open attitude, strengthen the protection of innovation and intellectual property rights, and enhance international exchanges and cooperation. These efforts will ensure that technological development and innovation benefit not only China, but also the world, and its convenience readily accessible to more and more people.
中国主张各国共担时代责任、共享发展机遇。作为世界上最大的发展中国家，中国愿继续与各国共同应对经济全球化进程中出现的全球性问题，加强沟通、携手合作，推动全球经济治理朝着平等公正、合作共赢的方向发展。
China calls on all countries to jointly shoulder the responsibilities of our times and believes that all countries should have equal access to development opportunities. As the largest developing country in the world, China looks forward to further cooperation and communication with other countries to jointly respond to global issues that emerge in the process of globalization, and to building a global economic governance system based on equality, equity and win-win cooperation.
中国将以更大力度、更高水平的对外开放促进全球共同发展，为各国分享中国红利创造更多机会。中国愿与全球贸易伙伴一道，推动经济全球化朝着更加开放、包容、普惠、平衡、共赢的方向发展，让不同国家、不同阶层、不同人群共享经济全球化的好处。
China commits itself to opening up wider and deeper to promote common development across the world, providing other countries with more opportunities to share the benefits of China’s development. China is willing to work hand-in-hand with its global trading partners to make economic globalization more open, inclusive, balanced and win-win with benefits to all so that different countries, different social strata and different groups of people all share in the benefits of economic globalization.