双语资料:止戈为武——讲讲《孙子兵法》
发布时间:2019年02月14日
发布人:nanyuzi  

止戈为武——讲讲《孙子兵法》

The Essence of Using Force Is to Stop ViolenceSome Thoughts on The Art of War

 

驻阿富汗大使刘劲松发表文章

A Signed Article Published by H.E. Liu Jinsong, the Ambassador of the People’s Republic of China to the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan

 

2019年1月15日

January 15, 2019

 

中国的军事安全思想有着数千年的历史,其精华体现为一本享誉中国乃至全世界的古兵书——《孙子兵法》。孙子即孙武,是公元前6世纪的中国将军,与孔子、释伽牟尼、居鲁士大帝、毕达哥拉斯生活在同一个时代,较亚历山大大帝的亚洲远征要早两个世纪。

The Chinese started thinking over military security a few thousands years ago. The essence was captured in The Art of War or Sun Tzu Bing Fa, an ancient military masterpiece renowned in China and the world at large. Sun Wu, the author, was a general in 6th century B.C., when Confucius, Sakya-muni, Cyprus the Great and Pythagoras also lived. His times were two centuries before Alexander the Great’s Asian campaigns.

 

据说,拿破仑战败后被流放至圣赫勒拿岛上偶然读到此书,拍案而叹道:若早读此书,或不致身陷囹圄。这本书译成了几十种文字,成为各国军事家和国防教育的经典,也广为商界政界人士青睐。

Legend has it that French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte read The Art of War on St Helena after losing the Battle of Waterloo and lamented to the effect that had he read the book earlier he would not have been defeated and exiled. Now published in scores of languages, the book is a classic for military strategists and national defense education and a preferred reading for politicians and businessmen alike.

 

有意思的是,和达里语谚语缝衣的针胜过胜利的剑相似,《孙子兵法》开篇和第一特点,不是教大家怎么打仗,而是说明国防和军队的极端重要性,强调战争的政治性、全局性和残酷性,主张止戈为武,强调慎战,推崇以政治方式和平解决争端。此书开宗明义说:兵者,国之大事,死生之地,存亡之道,不可不察也。”“不战而屈人之兵,善之善者也。孙子还讲:上兵伐谋,其次伐交,其次伐兵,其下攻城。攻城之法为不得已。”“凡用兵之法,全国为上,破国次之;全军为上,破军次之。

A familiar Dari proverb goes “a sewing needle is more powerful than a victor’s sword”. Similarly, The Art of War features most prominently that in the very first chapter it talks about the vital importance of national defense and armed forces, stresses war’s origin in politics, overall influence and cruel nature and advocates prudence in waging war as well as victory without battle instead of elaborating on the skills of war fightings. It is made clear at the outset that “war is a question of vital importance to the state, a matter of life and death and the road to survival or ruin. Hence, it is a subject for careful study.” “Winning victories of all your battles is not the best strategy whereas making your enemy surrender without fighting is.” “The best policy in war is to thwart the enemy’s strategy. The second best is to disrupt his alliances through diplomatic means. The third best is to attack his army in the field. The worst policy of all is to attack walled cities, which should occur only when there is no alternative.” “Generally in war, the best policy is to take the enemy state whole and intact; to destroy it is not. To have the enemy army surrender in its entirety is better than crushing it.”

 

这一思想引申开来,就是军人是要随时准备打仗牺牲的,但正如克劳塞维茨所述:战争是政治的继续,军人必须服从国家政治与总体对外战略。军事斗争不是为了攻城略地或毁伤生命,而是争取以最小的代价击垮敌人的抵抗意志,取得最大的政治效果。不战,不是不备战,而是全力做好军事斗争的准备。如果能在军事威慑的基础上迫使对手屈服让步,同样是军人的至上荣誉。军事斗争是国家安全的重要支柱但不是全部,它需要和外交、政治、经济、舆论等手段结合起来,才能发挥最大效益。

It comes to me as an extended thought that while servicemen must prepare to fight and sacrifice their lives at any time they must also follow political decisions and overall foreign strategy of the state. As German strategist Clausewitz defines it: “war is the continuation of politics.” The aim of a military struggle is not to conquer cities, occupy lands or kill people but to crush the enemy’s will of resistance at a small cost and achieve best possible political effect. The “victory without battle” is not won by giving up war preparations. On the contrary, the armed forces must be fully prepared for military struggles. It is still the servicemen’s great honour when the enemy is thus deterred and comes to a compromise. Military struggles are an important pillar of national security but not the only one. To produce the best effect, they must be combined with such other means as diplomacy, politics, economics and public opinions.

 

中国的大外交和大战略与阿富汗渊源深厚。早在2100多年前,中国的汉武帝派使节张骞万里跋涉到达马扎里沙里夫,推动建都于此的大月氏王朝(贵霜王朝的前身)与中国结盟,目的是断匈奴右臂。为反击威胁汉朝的匈奴,武帝准备了多年,占据河西走廊等战略要地和产粮区,打通丝绸之路、联合丝路沿线国家、将皇室女子嫁给盟友的首脑和亲,分化匈奴上层,当这一步步都完成后,武帝才对匈奴决战且取得全胜。

The Chinese diplomacy and grand strategy have a historical link with Afghanistan. More than 2,100 years ago, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian to visit as a special envoy Mazar-i-Sharif, then capital of Great Yuezhi (preceding the Kushan Empire), to push for an alliance so as to “break the right arm of the Huns”. To counter the Huns, the menace to the north, Emperor Wu had been making preparations for more than 20 years by occupying strategic locations such as the Hexi Corridor and grain-producing areas, opening up the Silk Road, making alliances with the countries along the route, marrying royal women to allied leaders, and dividing the Hun ruling elite. The decisive engagement took place and was won only after all these steps had been completed.

 

《孙子兵法》第二个特点,是庙算思想,核心是知己知彼,百战不殆。孙子认为,不知彼而知己,一胜一负;不知彼不知己,每战必殆

The Art of War also features a stress on intelligence-based strategic calculations. According to Sun Tzu, “he who knows well both troops of his own and those of his enemy will be invincible. He who knows well troops of his own but not those of his enemy.”