合作对话始终是中欧关系的主流
Cooperation and Dialogue Are the Mainstay of China-EU Relations
张明大使在“欧洲之友”中欧领导人会晤前瞻研讨会上的主旨讲话
Remarks by H.E. Ambassador Zhang Ming at the Friends of Europe Roundtable Debate
2019年3月22日
March 22, 2019
尊敬的维冈总司长，
尊敬的胡正跃会长，
女士们、先生们：
Managing Director Gunnar Wiegand,
President Hu Zhengyue,
Ladies and Gentlemen,
大家下午好！今年布鲁塞尔的春天来得格外早。一位欧盟官员对我说，这是“中国带来的春天”。的确如此。两天前，国务委员兼外长王毅刚刚同莫盖里尼高级代表主持了第九轮中欧高级别战略对话，并首次应邀同28位欧盟成员国外长集体交流。两天后，习近平主席将访问意大利、摩纳哥和法国。中国国家元首今年首次出访就选择了欧洲，充分体现了中国对欧洲的支持。不久后，李克强总理将在半年后再度莅临布鲁塞尔，同图斯克主席、容克主席共同主持第21次中欧领导人会晤。同时，我也注意到明天举行的欧盟峰会将中国列为正式议题，上周欧方还发布了新的对华政策文件。如此密集的访问、会晤、交流、讨论、互动是件好事，说明中欧双方都高度重视彼此，都在认真思考规划中欧关系的下一步发展。今天活动的英文主题“合作能否打败竞争”很有意思，想必是现阶段许多人思考中欧关系时不禁要问的，我愿就此和大家谈谈我的看法。
Good afternoon. This year, spring came to Brussels earlier than usual. An EU official said that it is a China spring. Indeed. Just two days ago, Chinese State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi co-chaired the 9th High-level Strategic Dialogue with HR/VP Federica Mogherini, and was invited, for the first time, to an informal working lunch with the EU28 foreign ministers. In two days, Chinese President Xi Jinping will visit Italy, Monaco and France on his first overseas trip this year, which speaks volumes about China’s support for Europe. Next month, Premier Li Keqiang will come to Brussels again after six months, and co-host the 21st China-EU Summit with President Tusk and President Juncker. I have also noticed that China will be on the agenda of tomorrow’s EU Summit, and that a joint communication on China was published last week. To me, such intensity of visits, meetings and exchanges is an indicator of the great seriousness that China and the EU attach to each other and to our relations. The theme of this event “Can Cooperation Trump Competition” is eye-catching. It is probably on the minds of many who are following China-EU relations at the moment.
任何事情都要看主流。正如王毅国务委员所说，中欧之间合作是主流，共赢是目标。2018年中欧贸易额超过6820亿美元，创历史新高，欧盟连续15年成为中国第一大贸易伙伴，中国是欧盟第二大贸易伙伴。回首改革开放40年，欧洲的资金、技术、管理经验等助力了中国的现代化进程，而中国广阔的市场也为欧洲企业提供了巨大机遇。去年欧盟28国对华投资增长超过22%，其中英国、德国增长高达150.1%和79.3%。中国政府过去一年在汽车、金融、电信等领域新出台的开放举措，率先受益也都是欧洲企业。随着中国现代化发展深入，中国的资金、技术也开始给欧洲带来增长、就业、服务，甚至为欧洲抵御债务危机提供了支持和帮助。
To get a thing right, it is crucial to grasp its defining features. As State Councilor Wang Yi said, cooperation is the mainstay of China-EU relations and mutual benefit is the goal. In 2018, our trade went over US$682 billion, hitting a record high. For 15 years, the EU has remained China’s top trading partner, while China is the EU’s second largest trading partner. In the past 40 years of reform and opening up, European capital, technology and management expertise have given a boost to China’s industrialization. The vast Chinese market has generated huge opportunities to European companies. Last year, EU28 investment in China grew by more than 22%, the United Kingdom and Germany by 150% and 79% respectively. European companies were among the first to benefit from China’s new steps to further open up the automobile, finance, telecommunications, among other sectors. Chinese capital, technology and services also contribute to growth and employment here in Europe, with a helping hand extended when Europe was in a difficult time ten years ago.
去年，中欧领导人就推动“一带一路”倡议与“欧亚互联互通战略”对接达成共识。事实上，中欧企业界走在了我们前面，许多企业已经参与到具体的“一带一路”项目中，有关合作遵循国际规则与市场原则。此外，中欧在财政金融、科研创新、人文交流等领域合作持续深化拓展。我相信，随着中欧各自改革发展进程不断推进，双边合作的机遇将越来越多。
Chinese and EU leaders agreed on forging synergy between the Belt and Road Initiative and the EU Strategy for Connecting Europe and Asia. Businesses are running ahead of us by already engaging in concrete projects, in observance of international rules and market principles. China-EU cooperation keeps moving forward in a wide range of areas, like finance, research and innovation, and people-to-people exchanges. More horizons could be opened in our cooperation, as we go deeper in our respective reform agenda.
全球层面，中欧合作的积极性和必要性更加突显。王毅国务委员归纳了中欧在支持多边主义、构建开放型世界经济、应对气候变化等全球性挑战、坚守国际防扩散机制、促进可持续发展、打击恐怖主义等方面的“十大共识”。莫盖里尼高级代表表示赞同，甚至说还能总结出一百条共识。
Globally, China-EU cooperation is imperative and active. State Councilor Wang Yi summed up ten major points of consensus, regarding multilateralism, world economic openness, climate change, non-proliferation, counter-terrorism and so on. Ms. Mogherini fully agreed, and joked that we could even have 100 more.
当然，中欧在一些领域存在竞争，对此我们不会避讳。竞争本身不是坏事，改革开放40年，就是在国际竞争中摸爬滚打、中国实现了市场经济转型，其间，我们向欧洲伙伴学习懂得了竞争的价值。同样中国发展市场经济的实践也告诉我们，没有良性、积极、基于规则的竞争，企业就不能得到锻炼和成长，老百姓就不能享受到最好的产品与服务。世界上正是因为有了奔驰、宝马、沃尔沃、丰田、福特等各路竞争者，汽车制造业才能不断突破自我，推陈出新。
Admittedly, there is competition between us. We won’t shy away from that. Competition in itself is not a bad thing. China’s development comes with a growing appreciation of the value of competition. We have learned much about that from European partners. Without healthy and rules-based competition, businesses won’t thrive and citizens won’t get the best goods and services. Competition among Mercedes, BMW, Volvo, Toyota, Ford and other carmakers is what has driven sustained innovation and progress of the car industry.
我们理解的竞争是与合作相依相伴、相互促进的，是一枚硬币的两面，而不是你输我赢、赢者通吃的零和游戏。以时下热议的5G技术为例，这是国际社会开放包容合作的产物，是中国、欧洲、美国等多国产业联合创新的结果。大家都很关注的华为公司与全球超过13000家供应商合作，遍布美、日、欧等多个国家和地区。在全球供应链、产业链、价值链高度融合的今天，没有哪个国家或哪家企业可以独步天下。在合作中开展竞争，在竞争中谋求合作，为的是实现共赢。
Competition and cooperation are two sides of one coin. Competition is not a you-lose-I-win or winner-take-all game. Rather, it goes hand in hand with cooperation. Take 5G. It is a product of joint innovation and international cooperation. The much-talked-about Huawei has a global network of 13,000 suppliers, extending to the US, Japan, Europe and many other countries and territories. The global supply, industrial and value chains are so interlinked that not any country or enterprise could claim dominance. The interplay of competition and cooperation eventually delivers benefits to all.
到任一年半以来，我听到一些有关中国不公平竞争的说法，指称中国在欧洲大举并购，却对欧洲企业准入设置障碍，欧洲不能再“天真”了，必须要求中国实现对等。我想，这里面主要涉及三方面问题：
Since I started working in Brussels, I have heard complaints about so-called unfair competition. Some are saying that China is buying its way into Europe while putting barriers to the European companies’ entry into Chinese market. So Europe is no longer naïve and must strive for reciprocity. There are three issues getting involved here.
一是中资企业在欧洲投资情况。近年来，中国企业与资本走出国门的步子比较快，欧洲也是大家愿意开拓的地方。根据中方统计数据，中国投资只占欧盟吸收外资的2%。欧盟统计局的数据则显示，2017年，中国对欧投资存量只占欧盟吸收外资的0.41%。欧洲企业已经在中国广泛投资兴业超过40年，而中国企业在欧还处于起步阶段，中国企业在欧投资显然不是多了。一些与中国有合作的欧洲企业家向我表示，中国投资拉动了当地就业与经济增长，是件值得欢迎的好事，不是什么洪水猛兽。今年的《政府工作报告》专门提到要推进中欧投资协定谈判，相信这将有助于推进双方投资合作。
First, Chinese investment in Europe. A growing number of Chinese firms have an interest to expand their global footprint, and Europe is a popular destination. But there is a myth about Chinese investment and it must be put into perspective. We appreciate the benefits brought by European enterprises in China over the decades, while Chinese business operations in Europe are still at an initial stage. According to Chinese statistics, Chinese investment only accounts for 2% of all FDI flowing into the EU. Eurostat figures show that in 2017, Chinese FDI stock only took up 0.41% of total FDI received by the EU. Some European businessmen with long-time engagement with China told me that Chinese investment has helped with local growth and employment, thus something to be welcomed, not to be feared. China’s Government Work Report pointed out the importance to further advance the China-EU BIT talks, which will give a boost to investment in both ways.
二是欧洲企业在中国的市场准入。近两年来，中国密集出台了一系列扩大开放的新举措，大幅放宽了金融业、服务业、农业、采矿业、制造业等领域的外资市场准入。营商环境全球排名在2017年短短一年就跃升了32位。我前两周回京出席全国“两会”，会议一项重要工作就是审议通过了《外商投资法》，以法律形式明确了准入前国民待遇加负面清单的外资管理制度，清单之外的充分开放，内外资一视同仁。针对外商普遍关心的征收和补偿、知识产权保护、技术转让等问题，法律都作出明确的保护规定。可以说，在当前保护主义抬头、一些方面抬高贸易关税、外资门槛的大环境下，仰俯环顾，中国扩大开放的态度独树一帜，力度首屈一指，行动无出其右，更重要的是方向清晰明确。我们将继续按照自主合理的节奏坚定扩大开放，相信在这个过程中，欧方关切将逐步得到解决。同时，希望并相信欧方不会一面要求中方打开大门，一面收紧甚至关闭自己的大门。
Second, market access in China. Over the past two years, new measures have been introduced by the Chinese government step by step to expand opening. We have widened market access for foreign investors in the finance, agriculture, mining, manufacturing, among other sectors. Just over one year, China’s global ranking in ease of doing business went up by 32 places. I just came back from the annual session of China’s top legislature. An important item on the agenda was the adoption of the Foreign Investment Law, which reaffirms the management system of pre-establishment national treatment plus a negative list. Sectors beyond the list will be fully open, foreign investors and their Chinese counterparts being treated equally. This piece of legislation has clear provisions on IPR protection, transfer of technology and other issues of concern to foreign investors. Despite the rise of protectionism and the inclination of some parties to raise tariffs and tighten investment rules, China stands firmly and clearly for greater openness. Our commitment is here to stay and is backed by vigorous actions. We will continue to open up at our own initiative and at a reasonable pace. The concerns of European friends will be gradually addressed in this process. We believe that the EU side would not close the door while asking China to open up its door.
三是所谓全面对等问题。中国确实实现了快速发展，但区区40年工业化发展较之欧洲工业革命以来260年的发展，奢谈“对等”，语虽巧，颇牵强，犹如一支中国U15球队与一支欧洲甲级联赛球队同场竞技，形似公平然神不似。今天的中国整体水平还远不及欧洲，人均GDP在全球80位之后,仅有欧盟的四分之一；联合国人类发展指数排名87位；制造业整体处于产业链中低端，尚未完成工业化进程；城镇化率刚刚过半，也就是说中国还有6亿农民，他们的人均年收入不到15000元；农村贫困人口还有1660万；残疾人多达8000万，相当于德国全国人口。总之，发展中国家仍是今天中国的基本属性，让14亿中国人民都过上好日子还有很长的发展路要走，现在就要求全面对等显然是不合理。另一方面，中国始终积极履行应尽的国际义务与责任。加入WTO以来，我们认真履行承诺，在降低关税、开放服务贸易等方面甚至超额完成了承诺。但如果强行给中国“加码”，恐怕是不公平的。
Third, reciprocity. It’s true that China has developed fast. But absolute reciprocity, though sounds nice, is still far-fetched between China, whose industrialization did not start until 40 years ago, and Europe, whose industrial revolution already started 260 years ago. Just as it is premature to ask a Chinese U15 soccer team to be on a par with a UEFA champion. Generally speaking, China’s level of development is far behind that of Europe. Our per capita GDP is only one quarter that of the EU. We just rank 87th in terms of Human Development Index. Our industrialization is yet to be finished. We still have 600 million farmers whose per capital annual income is less than US$2,000. There are 16.6 million rural people living in poverty and over 80 million people with disabilities, equivalent to the total population of Germany. Developing country remains the fundamental status of China. There is still a lot to be done to deliver a decent life to all the 1.4 billion Chinese people. Obviously, it does not make sense to force a blanket reciprocity. That said, China actively fulfills its due international obligations and responsibilities. Since joining WTO, we have honored our commitment in earnest and have done even better than committed in terms of tariff cuts and opening of service sector. We will continue to exercise responsibilities to the best of our capabilities.
中欧在一些问题上有分歧，这是客观事实，也很正常，但中欧间不存在根本利益冲突。面对分歧，关键是如何对待、如何处理。正如李克强总理在全国“两会”记者会上所说，中欧长期以来积累了化解分歧的经验，其中最重要的就是增强互信，相向而行，以开放的心态看待对方，通过合作协商妥善管控进而解决分歧。不能一味渲染分歧、指责施压、甚至下“最后通牒”。
It is quite normal that China and the EU have different views in some areas. But there are no fundamental clashes of interests between China and the EU. What matters is how the differences are handled. As Premier Li said last week, China and the EU have gained good experience in managing differences. The most important thing is to increase mutual trust, view each other with an open mind, and seek solutions through consultation. It is not helpful to play up differences, point fingers at each other, or turn up pressure by issuing ultimatum.
上周欧盟出台新的对华政策文件后，有关“制度性对手”的表述受到较多舆论关注。坦白说，我不认同这种说法。中欧选择的道路不同，并不意味着必然成为对手。中欧虽然政治制度、经济模式不同，但这既没有阻止双方在世界陷入冷战的情况下依然以长远战略眼光和极大政治智慧作出建交决定，也没有妨碍双方在接下来的40多年求同存异，谋求互利合作与共同发展。历史的宝贵经验值得传承，希望欧洲的朋友们摆脱零和博弈思维，不要陷入“自我实现的预言”。
The joint communication triggered some discussions on the phrase “systemic rival”. Frankly speaking, I don’t concur with that. China and the EU do have different political systems and economic models, but we do not necessarily become rivals. When the Cold War was at its height, China and the EU made a bold decision to establish diplomatic ties, demonstrating a long-term and strategic vision. In the following decades, we have managed to seek common ground in joint pursuit of cooperation and prosperity. History is the best teacher. We hope that European friends would jump out of the zero-sum mentality and not fall into a self-fulfilling prophecy.
最后，我想简单谈一下即将举行的中欧领导人会晤。今年的会晤将是本届欧盟机构任内最后一次，为双方回顾过去五年的合作成果、规划未来一段时期的合作方向提供了重要契机。双方团队正就会晤日程、议题、成果等保持沟通。李总理在记者会上专门表达了对会晤的期待。我想强调的是，任何成果的推进与落实都需要双方共同努力、相向而行，不是一方的责任。中方希望与欧方加强沟通，确保此次会晤取得圆满成功，从而为新一届欧盟机构领导人就任后双边关系实现更大发展创造良好条件。
Let me finally say a few words on the China-EU Summit next month. The Summit will be the last one before the end of this EU leadership mandate. It is befitting to take stock of what have been achieved in the past five years and chart the course for the future. Our teams are now working on the agenda, topics and deliverables. Last week, Premier Li expressed his expectations for the Summit when he met the press. I want to emphasize that for any deliverable to move forward effectively, both sides need to make an effort. We hope to work with the EU toward a successful Summit and bring a positive and healthy China-EU relationship to the next EU leadership.
总之，中国始终以战略高度及积极合作的眼光看待中欧关系，也希望欧盟从自身根本与长远利益出发，保持对华政策的独立性、稳定性和积极性，同中方一道，在相互尊重的基础上不断推进中欧关系健康稳定发展。
To be brief, China views the EU in a strategic and cooperative light. We trust that Europe will keep its own fundamental, long-term interests in mind, pursue a China policy that is independent, consistent and forward-leaning, and join forces with China for the sustained and sound growth of our relations on the basis of mutual respect.
谢谢大家！
Thank you.