人体部位的隐喻
发布时间:2019年01月08日
作者:作者:Wangfengxin  

人体部位的隐喻

 

文/王逢鑫

 

山有高有低。英语里,高山是mountain,小山是hill。一座高山,样子像一个站立的巨人。人有肩、腰、躯体和脚等部位。汉语和英语均可利用身体部位或器官名词,通过联想,命名山的相应位置。在有些情况下,汉语和英语使用对应的身体部位或器官名词,构成身体隐喻(body metaphor)。

 

shoulder的意思是a part of a mountain or a hill that is shaped like a shoulder,相当于“山肩”,例如:

 

1. The small village lay just around the shoulder of the hill.

这个小村子恰好坐落在山肩处。

 

“山腰”或“半山腰”指“山脚和山顶之间大约一半的地方”,英语可以译为waist of the hill,例如:

 

2. The medicinal herb collector carried the basket of herbs he had picked up and moved slowly from the waist of the hill to the valley.

这个药农背着他采的一筐药草,从半山腰慢慢走到山谷。

 

“山体”指“山的主要部分”,英语可以译为hill body,例如:

 

3. 这些巨型石块是无数石匠艰苦劳动从山体里凿出来的。

The huge stone blocks were chiseled off the hill body by numerous stone workers laboring arduously.

 

“山脚”指“山靠近平地的地方”,英语可以译为foot of the hill,例如:

 

4. The house is located at the foot of a hill.

这所房子位于山脚下。

 

有时,汉语利用身体部位或器官名词命名山的相应位置;英语却用另外的表达方法,而不使用身体部位或器官名词。

 

“山口”,指“连绵山岭中间较低处,多为通道经过的地方”,英语可以译为pass(a road or way through mountains),例如:

 

5. The pass provides a route between the two mountaintops.

这个山口在两个山顶之间提供了一条通道。

 

“山嘴”,指“伸出去的山脚的尖端”,英语可以译为spur(an area of high ground that sticks out from a mountain or hill),例如:

6. The spur of a hill or mountain is a piece of ground which sticks out from its side.

山嘴是从山坡伸出去的一片地面。

 

“山脊”,指“山的高处像兽类的脊梁骨似的高起部分”,英语可以译为ridge of the hill/mountain(a high pointed area near the top of a hill/mountain, or the narrow edge along the top of a hill/mountain),例如:

 

7. The path follows the ridge of the hill for half a mile.

这条小路沿山脊有半英里长。

 

英语和汉语都还可以利用位置名词(position noun)表示山的部位,包括顶部(top)、底部(bottom)、前面(front)、后面(back)和侧面(side)。

 

“山头”或“山顶”(hilltop, mountaintop, top of the hill/mountain)是山的顶部,对应于人的“头顶”(top of the head),例如:

 

8. The castle lies on the top of the hill.

这个城堡坐落在山顶上。

 

9. We had our lunch in a hilltop restaurant.

我们在一个山顶餐厅吃了午饭。

 

10. There was an incredible view from the hilltop/top of the hill.

从山顶可以看到美不胜收的景色。

 

11. The mountaintop is covered with snow all year round.

山顶终年被积雪覆盖。

 

12. Dark clouds have settled over the mountaintop.

乌云聚集在山顶上空。

 

“山底下”,英语可以译为bottom of the hill,例如:

 

13. The stream issued from the bottom of the hill.

这条小溪从山底下流出。

 

14. The restaurant is located at the bottom of the hill.

这家餐厅位于这座山底下。

 

“山前面”,英语可以译为front of the hill,例如:

 

15. There is a beautiful house in front of the hill.

山前面有一所美丽的房子。

 

“山后面”,英语可以译为back of the hill,例如:

 

16. The prisoner has run away to the back of the hill.

这个犯人已逃至山后面。

 

17. There is a blank space at the back of the hill, where my friend and I often play the kite.

在山后面有一片空荡荡的地,我和我的朋友常常在那里放风筝。

 

hillside/mountainside的意思分别是the side or slope of a mountain/ hill,即“山坡”,例如:

 

18. The crops will not grow on exposed hillsides.

这些庄稼不会在裸露的山坡上生长。

 

19. Our hotel is located on the hillside overlooking the lake.

我们的旅馆位于可以俯视这个湖面的山坡上。

 

20. Narrow and uneven tracks led up the rough mountainside.

狭窄不平的小径沿崎岖的山坡向上延伸。

 

21. The passenger plane slammed into a steep mountainside, killing all 46 people on board.

这架客机撞在陡峭的山坡上,造成飞机上46人遇难。

 

瓶子的上半部很像人的上半身,有颈、肩和口等部位。汉语和英语都利用身体部位或器官名词,命名瓶子的相应位置。

 

“瓶口”,英语可以译为mouth of the bottle,例如:

 

22. The magician managed to get a hard-boiled egg into a bottle, even though the mouth of the bottle was smaller than the egg.

这位魔术师设法将一个煮熟的鸡蛋放进一个瓶子里,即使瓶口比鸡蛋小。

 

“瓶颈”的字面意思是“靠近瓶子顶部的狭窄部分”, 英语可以译为neck of a bottle 或 bottleneck(the narrow part of a bottle near the top),例如:

 

23. A cork fits into the neck of the wine bottle.

一个软木塞卡在这个葡萄酒瓶的瓶颈处。

 

24. Round the bottleneck was a piece of paper with words DRINK ME in large letters.

围绕瓶颈有一张纸,上面有大写字母书写的DRINK ME(“可以饮用”)二词。

 

如果瓶颈处堵塞,就会不通畅。汉语的“瓶颈”和英语的bottleneck另有比喻意义。“瓶颈”可以比喻事情进行中容易发生障碍的关键部分。英语bottleneck相应的意思是anything that slows down development or progress, particularly in business or industry,例如:

 

25. 电力供应不足已经成为经济发展的一个瓶颈。

The insufficiency of power supply has become a bottleneck in economic development.

 

“瓶颈”还可以指“道路容易引起交通阻塞的狭窄部分或拥堵现象”。

 

英语bottleneck 相应的意思为a narrow or busy section of road where the traffic often slows down and stops,例如:

 

26. 谁也不想开车陷在高速公路上的瓶颈里。

Nobody wants to be stuck in a car bottleneck on the freeway.