联合国大会中等收入国家高级别会议上的演讲
Remarks at General Assembly High-Level Meeting on Middle-Income Countries
副总裁张涛
Deputy Managing Director Tao Zhang
2018年12月4日，纽约
New York, December 4, 2018
联合国大会主席玛利亚·费尔南达·埃斯皮诺萨·加尔斯、经济发展部副秘书长埃利奥特先生，首先，请允许我代表国际货币基金组织（IMF）感谢你们盛情邀请我参与这次关于“中等收入国家实现可持续发展目标面临的挑战”的重要讨论。
President of the General Assembly, Maria Fernanda Espinosa Garces and Assistant Secretary General for Economic Development Mr. Elliot, let me first thank you for inviting the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to participate in this important discussion of the challenges facing middle-income countries in achieving the SDGs.
中等收入国家在过去25到30年中实现了长足发展；自1990年以来，社会和经济发展大步迈进，其实现千年发展目标的强劲表现就是极好的例证。
Middle-income countries (MICs) have come far over the past 25-30 years. Since 1990, we have seen huge leaps forward in social and economic development reflected in strong performance in achieving the Millennium Development Goals.
虽然中等收入国家的发展路径不同，但总体成绩不言自明，十亿多人口成功摆脱了贫困。
For sure, middle-income countries have experienced diverse development paths. But the big picture is clear: over a billion people in these countries have risen out of poverty.
但要实现可持续发展目标、超越中等收入水平，还有很多工作要做。实际上，向发达经济体收入水平靠拢和实现可持续发展目标是紧密关联、相辅相成的。
Yet, much more remains to be done. Both to meet the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and to rise above middle-income levels. In fact, converging to advanced economy income levels and meeting the SDGs are linked. Success in one will need success in the other.
然而，两大目标的实现需要克服诸多挑战。
The dual success, however, requires overcoming many challenges.
从全球层面来看，世界经济继续扩张，但呈现放缓迹象。同时，近期数据的低迷令人惊讶，表明放缓节奏可能快于预期。
At the global level, the economic expansion is continuing, but there are signs that growth is moderating. And, recent data have surprised on the downside, suggesting that the deceleration may be faster than we had expected.
向发达经济体收入水平趋同面临的挑战取决于一国的发展水平。此外，一些中等收入国家正面临日益严峻的外部和金融压力。而另一些国家需妥善管理结构性转型，提高生产力水平，应对人口结构及其他变化的影响。部分小型国家还最容易受到自然灾害和气候变化的影响。
The challenge of convergence is different depending on the country’s level of development. Some middle-income countries, moreover, are already facing rising external and financial pressures. Others need to manage well their structural transformation and raise productivity associated with demographic and other changes. Small states are among those most vulnerable to natural disaster and climate change.
然而，宏观经济和金融稳定、贸易和金融开放对所有国家都至关重要。
However, macroeconomic and financial stability, as well as trade and financial openness, are key for all countries.
前路何在？
What is the way forward?
首先，我们必须携手合作，为实现IMF总裁克里斯蒂娜·拉加德女士提出的“新多边主义”共同努力。通过合作，政策制定者可以控制风险，确保全球增长惠及所有人。这对贸易而言尤为重要，因为长期来看，加强贸易合作能够促进投资、提高生产率，进而大幅提高居民收入水平。
First, we must work together. Working together, toward what the IMF Managing Director Christine Lagarde said is the “new multilateralism,” policymakers can contain risks and ensure that the global expansion continues to the benefit of all. This is especially true for trade. Strengthened trade could lift incomes considerably over time. It also involves boosting investment and productivity.
第二，中等收入国家需要实施强有力的结构性改革，维持中期经济增长。
Second, for middle-income countries, a strong structural reform effort is needed to sustain growth over the medium term.
结构性改革的关键在于提高分配效率，具体而言包括促进产品和劳动力市场改革，减轻税收的扭曲作用以及推进贸易自由化。同时，各国还应确保高增长的福利惠及更广泛的群体。
Key in this regard is further improving allocative efficiency. By that, I mean advancing product and labor market reforms, increasing the use of less distortionary taxes, and advancing trade liberalization. Further efforts are also needed to ensure that the benefits of high growth are widely shared.
在此，我想强调以下五个方面的改革重点。
Here, I would like to emphasize the following five reform priorities.
1) 财政政策。显然，各国的支出需求、社会偏好和财政空间各不相同。在此基础上，可考虑实施更积极的财政政策，完善税收福利制度，减轻扭曲效应。税收政策能帮助低收入家庭增加储蓄，例如通过教育账户、退休金账户等方式。
1) Fiscal policies. Countries, of course, have different needs, social preferences, and fiscal room to maneuver. With that caveat, options include more progressive fiscal policies and a well-designed tax-benefit system that reduce distortions. Tax measures can support low-income household saving, for example, in the form of education and retirement accounts.
2) 针对性的结构性措施。可考虑向全社会提供均等的优质教育机会和医疗卫生服务，或消除性别障碍，例如劳动力市场性别障碍。重点关注弱势群体的人力资本投资有助于提高生产力，确保更广泛的群体享受更高的收入水平。
2) Targeted structural measures. Possible measures include action to ensure equal access to quality education and health services or to remove gender barriers, for example in the labor market. Investment in human capital focused on the disadvantaged groups will help to lift productivity while also ensuring that the resulting higher income is more widely shared.
3) 普惠性经济和金融政策。促进普惠金融发展意味着为更多地区的更多人口提供金融服务。为此，须建立促进信息共享和消费者保护的法律和监管框架，并实施风险导向型监管。
3) Economic and financial inclusion. Enhancing financial inclusion, which means greater access to financial services to more people in more areas. It will require legal and regulatory frameworks that facilitate information sharing, protect consumers, and provide risk-based supervision.
4) 增强经济和金融韧性。对于抵御自然灾害和气候变化能力较弱的国家，包括许多小型中等收入国家，这点尤为重要。加强韧性的关键在于有效利用保险工具和金融资源，投资建设合理设计的公共基础设施和减灾规划系统。
4) Building economic and financial resilience. This is especially needed for countries that are particularly vulnerable to natural disasters and climate change, including many small middle-income countries. Priorities include, making effective use of insurance instruments and financial resources, investing in well-designed public infrastructure, and disaster planning.
5) 为“未来的工作”做好准备。这意味着改革社会保险体系和社会安全网，适应未来的工作形态，并重点考虑科技进步因素。
5) Preparing for the “future of work.” This means adapting social insurance systems and safety nets to account for what the jobs of the future may look like, especially with advances in technology.
IMF正在努力兑现2015年做出的承诺，即通过提供政策建议和能力建设，支持2030年议程的实施。IMF的工作主要关注如何缩小可持续发展目标的融资缺口，弥合政策改革和机构能力缺口，包括治理和公共部门管理等。国际货币基金组织将继续支持成员国增强国内收入调动，加强基础设施供应能力建设，提高应对灾难和气候变化的韧性，促进普惠性经济和金融发展。此外，基金组织还将增加对受冲突影响的脆弱国家的支持，因为这些国家在落实可持续发展目标的进展方面最为迟缓。
The IMF is working to deliver its commitments made in 2015 to support implementation of the 2030 agenda through policy advice and capacity building. These efforts focus on actions to close SDG financing gaps as well as gaps in policy reforms and institutional capacity, including governance and public sector management. The Fund will continue to support member countries to strengthen domestic revenue mobilization, develop capacity for infrastructure provision, enhance disaster and climate resilience, and promote economic and financial inclusion. Support for fragile and conflict-affected countries that are furthest behind in achieving the SDGs will be increased.
应联合国要求，IMF开发了一套方法，用以评估可持续发展目标的支出需要。这体现了很多中等收入国家，尤其是中低收入国家实现可持续发展目标面临的融资挑战。该方法指出，进一步动员必要的官方发展援助和私人部门资源，需要构建强有力的治理框架，确保约束所有利益相关方。
In response to a UN request, the IMF developed a methodology to assess the SDGs spending needs. This illustrates the challenges faced by many MICs, especially those at the lower end of the income range, in financing SDGs. It concludes that mobilizing the necessary additional official development assistance and private sector resources requires a strong governance framework, binding on all stakeholders.
总体来看，中等收入国家在过去几十年中取得了长足的进步。凭借合理的政策和强力的改革，上述国家能够应对未来的挑战。国际货币基金组织将继续与成员国、发展伙伴、私人部门和民间团体组织合作，致力于实现提高人民生活水平和实现可持续发展目标的双重目标。
In summary, middle income countries have made considerable progress over the past decades. And, with sound policies and strong reform efforts, they will meet the challenges of the future. The IMF will remain committed to continuing to work with our member countries and development partners, private sector, and civil society organizations to achieve the dual goals for boosting living standards and meeting the Sustainable Development Goals.