更加开放的中国，更加美丽的春天
A More Open China Heralds a More Beautiful Spring
驻英国大使刘晓明在彭博欧洲总部的主旨演讲
Keynote Speech by H.E. Ambassador Liu Xiaoming at Bloomberg
伦敦彭博欧洲总部大厦，2018年5月8日
Bloomberg’s European Headquarters, London, 8 May 2018
尊敬的彭博欧洲总部主席考特齐亚兹先生，
女士们，先生们：
Mr. Cotzias,
Ladies and Gentlemen:
很高兴到访彭博欧洲总部。
It is a real delight to join you at Bloomberg’s new European Headquarters to talk about the economic and financial cooperation between China and the UK.
今年是中国改革开放40周年。这是一个回顾与展望的重要年份。因此，我想借今天的机会，与大家谈谈中国改革开放的经验、中国进一步扩大开放的举措以及中英经济金融合作面临的机遇。
This year marks the 40th anniversary of China’s reform and opening up policy. It is an important year for us to look back to see how far China has come and look ahead to what the future holds for us. Therefore, I would like to take this opportunity to share with you what China has learned from the reform and opening up, what measures we are going to take to open up wider to the world and what opportunities there are for China-UK economic and financial cooperation.
1978年，中国改革开放的伟大征程拉开序幕。从农村到城市，从试点到推广，从经济体制改革到全面深化改革，40年艰苦奋斗，40年砥砺前行，中国人民用智慧和勤劳的双手书写了世界发展史上的奇迹。正如习近平主席所说，“改革开放这场中国的第二次革命，不仅深刻改变了中国，也深刻影响了世界！”
The great journey of reform and opening up began in 1978. For 40 years since then, the Chinese people have worked tirelessly and relentlessly to extend this policy from rural areas to cities, from pilot zones to the entire country, and from economic restructuring to deeper reforms across the board. With wisdom and diligence, China has created a miracle in the world history of development. Just as President Xi said, “Reform and opening-up, which is China’s second revolution, has not only profoundly changed the country but also greatly influenced the whole world.”
一方面，改革开放推动中国经济社会发展取得历史性成就。改革开放40年是中国发生翻天覆的变化、综合国力迈上新台阶的40年，也是中国走向世界、世界走向中国的40年。1977年，中国GDP总量仅为1750亿美元，居世界第十位，占世界经济的比重仅为2%。2017年，中国GDP总量达12万亿美元，增长近68倍，占世界经济的比重升至15%左右，稳居世界第二大经济体。此外，中国还是第一大工业国、第一大货物贸易国、第一大外汇储备国。7亿人摆脱贫困，人民生活水平不断改善，世界上覆盖人口最多的社会保障体系基本建立，人民的幸福感、安全感、获得感显著提升。
On the one hand, reform and opening up has led to historic economic and social achievements in China. The past 40 years saw China changing profoundly, growing in comprehensive national strength and becoming more integrated with the world. In 1977, China’s GDP was only $175 billion, accounting for 2% of the world’s total and ranking the tenth in the world. In 2017, China’s GDP was $12 trillion, increasing nearly 68 times, accounting for 15% of the world’s total and making China the second largest economy in the world. Moreover, China is now the world’s largest industrial country, largest trader in goods and has the largest foreign exchange reserves. It has lifted over 700 million people out of poverty and improved the standard of living. It has established a basic social security system that covers the largest population in the world. Today, the Chinese people have a much higher happiness index and a stronger sense of security and achievements.
另一方面，中国改革开放深刻影响世界经济。40年来，中国始终坚持对外开放的基本国策，成功把握经济全球化浪潮所带来的历史机遇，从封闭半封闭到全方位开放，从引进来到走出去，从加入世贸组织到提出“一带一路”倡议，主动融入并积极推动经济全球化，为全球经济可持续发展做出了重大贡献。尤其是2008年国际金融危机以来，中国经济保持中高速增长，连续多年对世界经济增长贡献率超过30%，成为全球经济复苏的稳定器和动力源。
On the other hand, China’s reform and opening up has profound influence on the world economy. For 40 years, China has adhered to the basic policy of opening up. From a closed and semi-closed country to one that opens up on all fronts, from a recipient of FDI to a global investor, from a late comer in the WTO to the proponent of the Belt and Road Initiative, China has been an active participant in and support of economic globalization. In this process, China has made important contribution to the sustainable development of the world economy. Even in the years following the global financial crisis of 2008, China maintained a medium-high growth rate and contributed over 30% of world economic growth. In fact, China has become a stabilizer and powerhouse for world economic recovery.
中国改革开放取得巨大成功，关键在于中国人民坚持立足国情、放眼全球、开放国门、融入世界，通过艰辛探索和艰苦奋斗，成功开辟出一条中国特色社会主义道路。我认为至少有三点经验可与大家分享：
The key to such huge success of the reform and opening up lies in the Chinese people’s ability to proceed from China’s national conditions; to take a global vision; to keep its doors open; to integrate with the world; and to explore and work tirelessly to blaze a path of socialism with Chinese characteristics. In my opinion, from the success of its reform and opening up, China has learned at least the following three things:
一是始终以与时俱进精神推进改革。改革开放之初，中国没有现成经验可借鉴，只能“摸着石头过河”，在实践中探索前进的道路。近年来，随着中国从高速增长阶段转向高质量发展阶段，改革也步入深水区，面临国企国资、财税金融、乡村振兴、社会保障、生态文明等不少“硬骨头”要啃。为了继续推进改革，我们与时俱进，成立了中央全面深化改革领导小组，负责改革总体设计、统筹协调、整体推进和督促落实。近期，这个小组改为中央全面深化改革委员会，这更有利于从顶层设计上推进全面深化改革，确保改革决策和规划的系统性、整体性和协调性，解决改革面临的主要矛盾与问题。
First, to advance reform, one must follow the trend of the times. When China started reform and opening up, we did not have a guidebook telling us what to do. “Crossing the river by feeling the stones” is how China experimented and pressed ahead with many of its reform programmes. In recent years, as China shifts from high-speed growth to high-quality growth, our reform has entered the “deep water zone”. Reforms in relation to the state-owned enterprises, the state assets, fiscal and tax system, financial system, social security and eco-conservation – these are not low hanging fruits but hard bones to gnaw at. In light of this new situation, the Central Leading Group for Deepening Overall Reform was established. It is responsible for the overall planning, coordination, promotion and implementation of reform measures. Two months ago, this Group was upgraded to form the Central Committee for Deepening Overall Reform. This is intended to enhance top-level design so that decisions and plans of reforms are made in a systematic, holistic and coordinated manner, and our reform efforts are focused on the main problems.
二是始终以问题导向深化改革。40年来，中国改革开放从经济领域起步，逐步扩大至政治、文化、社会、生态领域的五位一体格局，始终坚持以问题为导向，先易后难、逐步深化，走出了一条符合中国国情的改革开放之路。尤其是过去5年，中国推出1500多项改革措施，以壮士断腕的决心和勇气攻艰克难，一些重要领域和关键环节改革取得突破性进展。目前，中国主要领域改革主体框架基本确立，改革呈现出全面发力、多点突破、纵深推进的良好态势。
Second, to deepen reform, one must find out what has gone wrong and adopt a problem-led approach. In the past 40 years, China started with economic restructuring and gradually moved on to the political, cultural, social and ecological areas. In this “five-pronged” reform, China has never sidestepped a problem. Our approach is to start in easier fields and gradually tackle more difficult areas. This approach to reform and opening up is in line with China’s national conditions. In the recent five years, in particular, China adopted over 1,500 reform measures and displayed great determination and courage in tackling the difficult issues. This has led to breakthroughs in major areas and key links. The result is encouraging. The main framework for reform in major areas has been set up. Reform is in full swing, deepening on all fronts and achieving many breakthroughs.
三是始终以人民利益衡量改革。无论是改革开放之初的家庭联产承包责任制，还是今天的全面深化改革，都坚持“以人民为中心”的工作导向，以增强人民群众幸福感、安全感和获得感为出发点和归宿点。当前针对精准扶贫、人口城镇化、环境治理、简政放权、产权保护等相关改革，都反映了广大人民最直接的利益诉求。在精准扶贫方面，过去五年，我们成功使6000多万贫困人口稳定脱贫，贫困发生率从10.2%下降到4%以下。中国不仅明确提出了改革目标，而且建立了自上而下的一整套精准扶贫体系，体现了以人民利益为重的改革思维。
Third, to gauge the success of reform, one must take the people’s interests as the criterion. The people have always been at the center of all reforms in China. This was true with the household contract system at the beginning of China’s reform and opening up. This remains true as China deepens reform across the board today. The intension and the goal of China’s reform have always been to ensure that the people live happier, safer and have a stronger sense of achievements. Recent reform measures all answer to the aspiration of the people that involves their interests directly. To name a few, these include targeted poverty alleviation, urbanization of the population, environmental improvements, streamlining of administration, delegation of powers, and property rights protection. Take targeted poverty reduction for example. In the past five years, more than 60 million people have been lifted out of poverty, and the poverty headcount ratio has dropped from 10.2% to less than 4%. China has not only set clear goals for poverty reduction but also established a complete system of contribution from both the central and local government departments. This fully reflects that China puts the people’s interests first in its reform.
中国有句古话叫“四十而不惑”。在中国改革开放40周年之际，我们更加清晰地认识到，没有改革开放，就没有中国的今天，也不会有中国的明天。展望未来，中国经济高质量发展仍然要靠改革开放！如果说，中国40年前打开开放的大门的时候，表达的是一种融入世界的愿望，那么新时代中国进一步扩大开放，展现的是大国自信和担当，这是中国从“富起来”到“强起来”自身发展的必然逻辑，也是中国从“赶上时代”到“引领时代”对世界负有的重要责任。
Confucius said, “At forty, I had no doubts.” As China celebrates the 40th anniversary of its reform and opening up, there is no doubt that without reform and opening up, China would not have come so far. Nor would it have a bright future. Going forward, China will still need to rely on reform and opening up to achieve high-quality growth. Forty years ago, China opened its door and embraced the world. Forty years on, China is opening its door wider in the new era. This shows China’s confidence and sense of responsibility. As China “grows richer” and “becomes stronger”, opening-up is a natural choice. As China catches up with and begins to lead the trend of the times, opening up is a show of courage that China is ready to shoulder important global responsibilities.
中共十九大明确提出，中国坚持对外开放的基本国策，坚持打开国门搞建设。“开放的大门不会关闭，只会越开越大”。在一个月前召开的博鳌亚洲论坛上，习近平主席再次宣示了中国进一步扩大开放的重大举措。概括起来讲，就是三个“更加”：
At the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, it was clearly announced that China adheres to the fundamental national policy of opening up. China pursues development with its doors wide open. “China’s door of opening-up will not be closed and will only open even wider.” At last month’s Annual Conference 2018 of the Boao Forum for Asia, President Xi Jinping announced important measures for further opening up. They can be summarized as three “More’s”:
一是“市场更加开放”。中国将大幅放宽金融、制造业等领域的市场准入。在金融领域，将加快落实去年年底宣布的放宽银行、证券、保险行业外资股比限制的重大措施，加快保险行业开放进程，放宽外资金融机构设立限制，扩大外资金融机构在华业务范围，拓宽中外金融市场合作领域。在制造业领域，将进一步落实汽车、船舶、飞机等行业开放要求，放宽外资股比限制特别是汽车行业外资股比限制。
First, a more open market. China will greatly increase market access in financial and manufacturing sectors. In the financial sector, China will implement the important measures announced at the end of last year, namely, to raise the limit on foreign ownership in joint-venture firms involved in the banking, securities and insurance market; China will accelerate the pace of opening up in the insurance sector; China will ease the limit on the establishment of foreign-invested financial institutions, expand the scope for their operations in China and open more areas to financial cooperation between Chinese and foreign firms. In the manufacturing sector, China will implement measures to open up the automobile, ship building and aircraft industries, and raise the limit on foreign ownership in joint-venture firms, especially in the automobile industry.
二是“投资环境更加友好”。中国将加强同国际经贸规则对接，增强透明度，强化产权保护，坚持依法办事，鼓励竞争、反对垄断。中国将尽快修订完成外商投资负面清单，全面落实准入前国民待遇加负面清单管理制度。同时加强知识产权保护，依托新组建的国家知识产权局，加大执法力度，提高违法成本。
The second “More” is a more favorable environment for investment. This means China will enhance alignment with international rules, increase transparency, strengthen IP protection and rule of law, encourage competition and oppose monopoly. Moreover, China will issue a new negative list for foreign investment at an early date, and complete the implementation of pre-establishment national treatment plus a negative list. In IP protection, China will build on the efforts of the newly-restructured State Intellectual Property Office to step up law enforcement and strengthen legal measures against IPR infringement.
三是“进口商品更加便利”。中国将主动扩大进口，进一步降低汽车及部分其它产品进口关税，加快加入世贸组织《政府采购协定》进程。同时，也希望发达国家对正常合理的高技术产品贸易减少和停止人为设限，放宽对华高技术产品出口管制。今年11月，首届中国国际进口博览会将在上海举办，这不是一个普通的博览会，而是世界上第一个以进口为主题的国家级博览会，是中国主动开放市场的重大政策宣示和行动。中国张开双臂，热烈欢迎包括英国在内的各国朋友将优质产品和服务带到中国。
The third “More” is more import facilitation. China will take the initiative to expand imports. This will lead to further cut of tariffs on automobile and other products, and acceleration of the procedures of joining the WTO Government Procurement Agreement. Such measure would certainly be more effective if developed countries would reduce or remove the restrictions on normal and reasonable trade in high-tech products and relax the control on the export of such goods to China. This November, the first China International Import Expo will be held in Shanghai. This is not just another exposition in an ordinary sense. It is a major testament to China’s commitment to further opening up its market. It is a good opportunity for companies from all over the world, including from the UK, to introduce their products and services to the Chinese market.
女士们，先生们，
Ladies and gentlemen,
改革开放40年来，中英关系取得长足发展。尤其是2015年习近平主席对英国成功国事访问，开启两国关系“黄金时代”。近年来，中英关系“黄金时代”稳步推进，成果丰硕。2017年中英双边贸易额790亿美元，同比增长6.2%，中国是英国在欧盟外的第二大贸易伙伴，英国是中国在欧盟内的第二大贸易伙伴。截至2017年底，英国累计对华直接投资额达225.5亿美元，中国累计对英非金融类直接投资额达191.4亿美元，英国是中国在欧盟内的第二大引资来源地和第二大投资目的地。
In the past 40 years since China adopted the reform and opening-up policy, China-UK relations have made strong headways. President Xi’s successful state visit to the UK in 2015 ushered in the China-UK “Golden Era”. Since then, China-UK relations have made steady progress and achieved fruitful results. In 2017, bilateral trade between China and the UK stood at $79 billion, up by 6.2% over the previous year. China is already the UK’s second largest trading partner outside the EU, and the UK is China’s second largest trading partner in the EU. As of the end of 2017, British investment in China reached $22.55 billion. In the opposite direction, non-financial direct investment from China to the UK totaled $19.14 billion. This has made the UK the second largest source and destination of investment for China within the EU.
放眼未来，面对新时代中国进一步扩大开放的新机遇，中英两国应如何抓住机遇，推动中英关系“黄金时代”加速发展？我有三点建议：
Going forward, how shall we seize the new opportunities arising from China’s further opening-up in the new era and accelerate the development of the China-UK “Golden Era”? I would like to share with you my three suggestions.
首先，坚持开放，共同维护国际贸易体系。中英两国都是经济全球化的维护者，贸易自由化的践行者，多边贸易体系的拥护者。纵观历史，经济全球化不可逆转，保护主义不得人心。在当前形势下，中英两国在支持经济全球化、反对贸易保护主义、改革全球经济治理体系等重大问题上的共识增多，两国应展现大国担当，高举开放旗帜，坚决反对各种形式的贸易保护主义，推进全球贸易投资自由化便利化，坚定维护多边贸易体制，共同构建开放型世界经济。
First, China and the UK should stay committed to openness and uphold the international trade system. Both China and the UK have supported globalization, engaged in free trade and upheld the multilateral trade regime. History tells us that globalization is irreversible and protectionism is unpopular. In the current circumstances, China and the UK have a stronger consensus on upholding globalization, opposing protectionism and reforming the global economic governance system. It is all the more important that our two countries shoulder our due responsibilities as major countries. We must hold high the banner of openness, stay firmly opposed to protectionism of all forms, promote trade and investment liberalization and facilitation, and uphold the multi-lateral trade regime. We should commit ourselves to building an open world economy.
第二，促进合作，推动中英关系“黄金时代”行稳致远。中国一贯坚持从战略高度和长远角度看待和发展中英关系，期待与英国深化在政治、经济、人文以及全球治理等各领域务实合作，实现共同发展。今年初，梅首相成功访华，两国领导人就提升中英关系“黄金时代”战略性、务实性、全球性和包容性达成重要共识，双方签署了90亿英镑的商业协议。两国可进一步加强发展战略对接，进一步深化双边和国际合作，推动中英关系成为中西方合作共赢、共同发展的典范。
Second, China and the UK should work together to promote steady and sustained development of the China-UK “Golden Era”. China has always approached and developed China-UK relations from a strategic and long-term perspective. China hopes to deepen cooperation with the UK in the political, economic, cultural areas and in global governance, in order to achieve common development. At the beginning of this year, Prime Minister May paid a successful visit to China. During the visit, the leaders of our two countries agreed to build a more strategic, practical, global and inclusive China-UK “Golden Era”; The two sides signed business contracts worth £9 billion. In the future, China and the UK can further match the development strategies and deepen cooperation both at the bilateral and international level. Together we can set an example of win-win cooperation and common development between China and Western countries.
第三，深挖潜力，打造中英经济金融合作更多亮点。中英经贸合作互补性强，随着中国扩大开放，中英两国在经贸、基础设施、装备制造、高科技金融服务等领域合作面临更多机遇。一个月前，中国刚刚宣布了金融领域扩大开放的“6+5+1”举措。
My third suggestion is to tap the potential in the economic and financial sectors and create more highlights in China-UK cooperation. There is a strong complementarity between China and the UK in economy and trade. Therefore, China’s further opening-up will create more opportunities for our two countries to build closer partnership in economy, trade, infrastructure development, equipment manufacturing and FinTech. Last month, China announced further opening-up measures in the financial sector, which were summarized as “6+5+1”.
“6”即在未来几个月内：一是取消银行和金融资产管理公司的外资持股比例限制，内外资一视同仁，允许外国银行在中国境内同时设立分行和子行；二是将证券公司、基金公司、期货公司、人身险公司的外资持股比例上限放宽至51%，三年后不再设限；三是不再要求合资券商的境内股东中至少有一家证券公司；四是为进一步完善互联互通机制，5月1日开始，将互联互通每日额度扩大4倍，沪股通每日额度调整为520亿元人民币，港股通每日额度调整为420亿元人民币；五是允许符合条件外国机构投资者来华经营保险代理业务和保险公估业务；六是放开外资保险经济公司的经营范围，与中资机构一致。
Six measures will be implemented in the next few months. These include:
1. Remove the foreign ownership cap for banks and asset management companies, treating domestic and foreign capital equally; allow foreign banks to set up branches and subsidiaries at the same time,
2. Lift the foreign ownership cap to 51% for securities companies, fund managers, futures companies, and life insurers, and remove the cap in three years,
3. No longer require joint-funded securities companies to have at least one local securities company as a shareholder,
4. To further improve the stock market connectivity of the Chinese mainland and Hong Kong, we will increase the daily quota by three times from May 1, after which the daily quota for Shanghai-bound and Shenzhen-bound investment will be increased from RMB 13 billion to RMB 52 billion, while that for Hong Kong-bound investment from RMB 10.5 billion to RMB 42 billion,
5. Allow eligible foreign investors to provide insurance agent and loss adjuster services in China, and
6. Lift restrictions on the business scope of foreign-invested insurance brokerage companies, treating them as equals of domestic companies.
“5”即在今年年底前：一是鼓励在信托、金融租赁、汽车金融、货币经纪、消费金融等银行业金融领域引入外资；二是对商业银行新发起设立的金融资产投资公司和理财公司的外资持股比例不设上限；三是大幅度扩大外资银行业务范围；四是不再对合资证券公司业务范围单独设限，内外资一致；五是全面取消外资保险公司设立前需开设2年代表处要求。
In addition, we will roll out five more opening up measures before the end of this year:
1. Encourage foreign ownership in trust, financial leasing, auto finance, currency brokerage and consumer finance,
2. Apply no cap to foreign ownership in financial asset investment companies and wealth management companies newly established by commercial banks,
3. Substantially expand the business scope of foreign banks,
4. Remove restrictions on the business scope of jointly-funded securities companies, treating domestic and foreign institutions equally, and
5. Foreign insurance companies will no longer need to have a representative office in China for two consecutive years prior to establishing a fully-owned institution.
“1”即争取于今年年内开通“沪伦通”，这将为中英两国金融合作带来巨大商机。英国在金融领域优势突出，可充分利用英国在融资、PPP、保险、绿色金融等领域的专业优势，抢抓合作机遇，积极赴华投资兴业，实现互利共赢。
“One” refers to the Shanghai-London Stock Connect which planned to be launched by the end of this year. All these new measures will create huge business opportunities for China and the UK to enhance cooperation in the financial sector. To grab these opportunities, British companies can make full use of their expertise in financing, public-private-partnership, insurance and green finance, and set up businesses in China. This will deliver win-win results for both sides.
女士们、先生们，
Ladies and gentlemen,
“一花独放不是春，百花齐放春满园。”春天之美，在于开放包容，不同的花朵颜色互补，共同开放，才能勾勒出春天的美景。世界各国也是一样，只有在开放中求合作，在合作中求共赢，才能共建和平、安宁、繁荣、美好的世界。希望在座各位企业家和金融家，牢牢把握时代发展潮流，秉持开放、包容、合作的理念，抓住新时代“中国机遇”，共同迎接中英关系“黄金时代”更加美丽的春天！
There is a saying in China. “A single flower does not make a spring. The beauty of spring lies in different flowers blossoming together.” Likewise, the beauty of our world lies in different countries prospering together. Only with open and win-win cooperation can we build a peaceful, tranquil, prosperous and beautiful world. I hope that the business and financial leaders like you will follow the trend of the times, uphold the principles of open and inclusive cooperation and seize the opportunities offered by China in the new era. Together we will embrace a more beautiful spring for the China-UK “Golden Era”!
谢谢大家！
Thank you!