双语资料:《伟大的跨越:西藏民主改革60年》白皮书(四)
发布时间:2019年05月09日
发布人:nanyuzi  

六、推进了各项事业发展

VI. Promoting a Range of Undertakings

 

民主改革实现了西藏由封建农奴制度向社会主义制度的伟大跨越。社会主义制度的建立,不仅解放和发展了生产力,促进了西藏经济发展不断迈上新台阶,而且极大地推动了西藏社会全面进步。

Tibet’s democratic reform enabled it to make a historic leap from feudal serfdom to socialism. The establishment of socialism served to liberate and develop its productive forces and lift its economic growth from one level to another, and promote significant social progress.

 

——人民生活水平大幅提高

– Marked improvement in living standards

 

60年来,西藏各族人民的生活条件全面改善,幸福指数大幅提升。民主改革前,广大农奴食不果腹,衣不蔽体。民主改革后,人民群众生活水平不断提高。2018年,城镇居民人均可支配收入33797元,农村居民人均可支配收入11450元。持续推进农牧民安居工程、民房危房改造、抗震加固、农村人居环境改善、扶贫搬迁、小康村建设、城镇棚户区改造和保障房建设,全区城乡群众普遍住上安全适用房屋。积极推进能源结构改善,拉萨、那曲、阿里、林芝等4地市所在地,9个县城建成了集中供暖工程并陆续投入使用。越来越多的人过上了暖冬。全区乡乡通光缆、乡乡通宽带,行政村通宽带率达到85%,行政村移动信号实现全覆盖。

Over the last six decades, the living standards of all ethnic peoples in Tibet have been improved and their happiness quotient has risen significantly. Before democratic reform the serfs had little food and scanty clothing; immediately after democratic reform began, their living conditions started to improve. In 2018, the average per capita disposal income of urban residents was 33,797 yuan, and that of rural residents was 11,450 yuan. Great efforts have been made to complete housing projects for low-income farmers and herdsmen, renovation and reinforcement of dilapidated houses, improvement of rural living conditions, resettlement of impoverished people from places of harsh natural conditions, affordable housing projects, and the transformation of shanty towns, to ensure that all rural and urban people in Tibet have safe and comfortable homes. Energy supply infrastructure has been improved. Central heating networks have been completed and put into operation in nine counties in Lhasa, Naqu, Ngari and Nyingchi, enabling more and more people to have access to heating system in winter. Optical cables and broadband networks have been connected to every township. The broadband access rate of administrative villages has reached 85 percent, with full mobile phone signal coverage.

 

现代化耐用消费品普及程度及档次大大提高,冰箱、彩电、洗衣机、电脑、移动电话、家用汽车等消费品逐渐进入普通百姓家庭。广播、电视、通信、互联网等现代信息传递方式与全国乃至世界同步发展,已经深入到人民群众的日常生活中。城镇建设不断推进,到2018年常住人口城镇化率达到31%,以拉萨为中心、以市(地)所在地为支点,以县城、边境城镇、特色文化旅游城镇为网络的城镇体系初步形成。

Modern consumer durables are growing in popularity. Refrigerators, TVs, washing machines, computers, mobile phones and cars have become commonplace. Local radio, television, telecommunications and internet as modern communication tools are developing at the same pace as the rest of China and the wider world, and becoming an important part of daily life. Urbanization is also progressing. By 2018, the urbanization rate of the permanent resident population had reached 31 percent. An urban system has taken shape centered on Lhasa, with prefectures as pivots and a network of counties, border towns and tourist towns. 

 

民主改革前,由于经济落后、新生儿成活率低、医疗条件差、僧尼人口比重大等因素,西藏人口增长长期处于停滞状态。经过60年的发展,西藏人口由1959年122.8万人,增长到2018年343.82万人,其中藏族人口占总人口的90%以上。西藏人均预期寿命从1959年前35.5岁,提高到目前的68.2岁。在国家统计局和中央电视台等联合举办的“CCTV经济生活大调查”中,拉萨市连续5年被评为“中国幸福指数最高的城市”。

Before democratic reform, due to a combination of factors such as a backward economy, high infant mortality, poor medical conditions, and a high proportion of Buddhist monks and nuns, the growth of Tibetan population had stagnated for a long time. Over the past 60 years, the population has grown from 1.23 million in 1959 to 3.44 million in 2018, with Tibetans making up over 90 percent of the total. The life expectancy of the people in Tibet increased from 35.5 before 1959 to 68.2 now. According to the “CCTV-China economic life survey” program jointly presented by the National Bureau of Statistics and China Central Television, Lhasa has ranked as the city with the highest happiness quotient for the last five years.

 

——文化事业呈繁荣局面

– Flourishing cultural undertakings

 

旧西藏,对于百万农奴而言,文化生活极度贫乏。60年来,中央政府和西藏自治区政府全力保护和弘扬西藏优秀传统文化,大力发展社会主义先进文化,使西藏文化事业实现了大发展、大繁荣,西藏各族人民享有更加丰富的文化生活。西藏先后建立起劳动人民文化宫、拉萨及各地区电影院,成立了西藏歌舞团、藏剧团、话剧团、各地市民族艺术团和75个县(区)艺术团、2400余支乡村业余文艺队等文艺演出团体,深入到农村、牧区,为偏远乡村送去社会主义新文化。文化产品日益丰富,打造了《洗衣歌》《逛新城》《太阳的女儿》《共同家园》《六弦情缘》《天路》等一批文艺精品。大型实景剧《文成公主》、民族歌舞《幸福在路上》《寻找香巴拉》等一批文化产业演艺项目取得社会、经济效益双丰收,成为西藏文化旅游的靓丽名片。截至2018年底,全区广播、电视人口综合覆盖率分别达到97.1%和98.2%。基本实现市(地)有图书馆、县有综合文化活动中心、乡有文化服务中心,每个行政村有文化室、农家书屋、电影放映室。全区文化产业年产值达46亿元,国家、区、市(地)、县四级文化产业示范基地(园区)达234家。

There was little access to cultural life for serfs in old Tibet. Over the past 60 years, the central government and the government of the Tibet Autonomous Region have given full support to the protection and promotion of Tibet’s fine traditional culture, to the development of advanced socialist culture, to achieve progress and prosperity in Tibet’s cultural undertakings, and to bring a richer cultural life to the people in Tibet. Cultural centers and cinemas have been set up in Lhasa and other cities. There are song and dance ensembles, Tibetan opera troupes, and drama troupes at the autonomous region level; folk art troupes at the prefecture level, 75 art troupes at the county level, and 2,400 amateur art groups at the township level. They perform in rural and pastoral areas and bring to remote villages the best of socialist culture. Cultural products are flourishing. Fine new works include the Laundry Song, the duet A Walk in New Lhasa, the musical Daughter of the Sun, the drama Common Home, the opera Reconciled Love, and the song The Road to Heaven. Some performing art works such as the outdoor live stage show Princess Wencheng, and the musicals Happiness on the Way, and Searching for Shambala have generated both social benefit and profits, and become well-known calling cards of Tibetan tourism.

 

藏语言文字得到保护和发展。藏语文在政治生活中得到广泛应用。西藏各级人民代表大会通过的决议、法规,各级人民政府及所属部门发布的正式文件和公告都使用藏汉两种文字;在司法程序中,对藏族诉讼参与人使用藏语文审理案件,法律文书也使用藏文。藏语文使用已步入信息化,藏文字符计算机编码已通过国家标准和国际标准。国家在保护和发展藏语言文字的同时,按照《国家通用语言文字法》中关于“国家推广普通话,推行规范汉字”,“公民有学习和使用国家通用语言文字的权利”的规定,在包括西藏等民族地区在内的全国各地公民中推广国家通用语言文字。

By the end of 2018, the radio and television network coverage rates in Tibet had reached 97.1 percent and 98.2 percent. Currently, almost all cities (prefectures) have public libraries. Counties have comprehensive cultural centers, towns have cultural service centers, and administrative villages have cultural centers, libraries and projector rooms. The annual output of the cultural industry in Tibet totals 4.6 billion yuan. There are 234 cultural industry demonstration centers (parks) at national, regional, municipal (prefectural) and county levels. The Tibetan language is protected by the law and develops smoothly. It is used extensively in political life. All resolutions and regulations adopted by people’s congresses of Tibet at all levels, and all official documents and public notices released by people’s governments at all levels and their subordinate departments are published in both Tibetan and Chinese. In the judicial process, Tibetan is applied in hearing cases involving Tibetan litigants and in releasing legal instruments. Information technology has been applied to the Tibetan language, with a computer coding system using Tibetan characters that has reached national and international standards. While protecting and developing the Tibetan language, the state is promoting the standard Chinese across the country, including Tibet, in accordance with the Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language which stipulates that “the state popularizes Putonghua and the standardized Chinese characters,” and “All citizens shall have the right to learn and use the standard spoken and written Chinese language.”

 

民族优秀传统文化得到继承和发展。西藏先后制定了《西藏自治区文物保护条例》《拉萨市老城区保护条例》《西藏自治区实施〈中华人民共和国非物质文化遗产法〉办法》《西藏自治区布达拉宫文化遗产保护管理条例》《西藏自治区传统工艺振兴计划》等大量具有鲜明地方特色和民族特点的法规、规章和规范性文件,为保护优秀传统文化提供了法律依据。文化遗产保护成效显著。国家和自治区先后投入资金50多亿元,对全区55处全国重点文物保护单位和616处自治区级文物保护单位进行保护和建设。以拉萨老城区保护为例,拉萨市严格依法对有1300多年历史的八廓街古城进行保护改造,统筹考虑民族文化保护传承工作,充分吸收融合和展现藏民族优秀历史文化元素,听取社区群众、寺庙僧人、传统艺人的意见和建议,多次组织群众代表实地参观指导活动,切实保护了拉萨的老城区文化。布达拉宫历史建筑群被联合国教科文组织列入《世界遗产名录》,藏戏、格萨尔和藏医药浴法入选联合国教科文组织人类非物质文化遗产代表作名录,有国家级代表性项目89项、代表性传承人96名,自治区级代表性项目460项、代表性传承人350名。布达拉宫等4个单位列入全国古籍重点保护单位,291函古籍列入全国珍贵古籍。

The excellent traditional ethnic culture has been carried forward and promoted through a number of laws, regulations and official documents such as Regulations of the Tibet Autonomous Region on the Protection of Cultural Relics, Regulations on the Protection of Old Town of Lhasa, Measures of the Tibet Autonomous Region for Implementing the Intangible Cultural Heritage Law of the People’s Republic of China, Measures of the Tibet Autonomous Region for the Protection and Management of the Potala Palace, and Plan of Rejuvenation of Traditional Craftsmanship in Tibet Autonomous Region. They have provided a legal basis for the protection of ethnic culture in Tibet. Significant progress has been made in protecting cultural relics. The state and Tibet Autonomous Region have invested over 5 billion yuan in the renovation of 55 sites under state protection and 616 sites under regional protection. Taking the old town of Lhasa as an example, in transforming Barkhor Street, which dates back more than 1,300 years, the government of Lhasa gave full consideration to the protection and inheritance of ethnic culture by highlighting and displaying fine Tibetan cultural elements, listening to the suggestions and advice of local residents, monks and craftsmen, and organizing tours of the street for representatives of the public to offer opinions. All these efforts helped to protect the culture of the old town of Lhasa. The Potala Palace Complex has been registered on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Tibetan opera, Gesar, Lum medicinal bathing of Sowa Rigpa have been included in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List. There are 89 items on the state level intangible heritage list and 96 state level Trustees. There are 460 items on the regional level intangible heritage list, and 350 regional level Trustees. Four sites including the Potala Palace are designated as state key units for the protection of ancient books and 291 ancient books are listed as national rare ancient books.

 

随着西藏的日益开放,西藏文化也逐步走向世界。西藏文化周、中国西藏旅游文化国际博览会等成为向世界展示西藏优秀传统文化的平台。西藏还派出各种艺术团组,到世界100多个国家和地区进行演出、展览和学术交流活动。

As Tibet becomes more open, its culture is going global. Tibetan Culture Week, and the China Tibet Tourism and Culture Expo are becoming platforms to present traditional Tibetan culture to the world. Tibet has also sent a variety of art troupes to over 100 countries and regions to give performances, put on exhibitions, and carry out academic exchanges.

 

——教育事业实现了大发展

– Solid progress in education

 

在旧西藏,接受教育的绝大多数是贵族子弟,占总人口95%的农奴没有受教育的权利,青壮年文盲率高达95%以上。民主改革后,昌都小学、拉萨小学、拉萨中学、西藏公学等规模迅速扩大,各个地区、县陆续建起中学、小学,大部分乡、部分村建起了小学。1961年,西藏第一所师资学校拉萨师范学校正式开学,此后,西藏大学、西藏农牧学院、西藏藏医学院(现藏医药大学)、西藏高等职业技术学院也相继建立。目前,一套涵盖学前教育、基础教育、职业教育、高等教育、继续教育、特殊教育的比较完整的现代教育体系已经形成,各族人民受教育权得到充分保障。

In old Tibet, education was largely the preserve of the privileged aristocracy. The serfs who made up 95 percent of the population were not entitled to education, resulting in an illiteracy rate surpassing 95 percent among young people. After democratic reform, Qamdo Primary School, Lhasa Primary School, Lhasa Middle School, and Xizang Minzu University expanded quickly. Primary schools and middle schools were set up in all prefectures and counties. Primary schools were established in most townships and some villages. In 1961, Lhasa Normal School opened officially. In the following years, Tibet University, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry University, Tibet Traditional Medical College and Tibet Vocational Technical College were set up. A modern and comprehensive education system is now in place in Tibet, including pre-school education, basic education, vocational technical education, higher education, continual education, and special education. All people in Tibet have a right to education that is fully protected.

 

民主改革后,国家宪法、民族区域自治法、国家通用语言文字法以及西藏地方的有关法规,对学习、使用和发展少数民族语言文字作出明确规定,建立起比较完备的双语教学体系。目前,西藏所有农牧区和部分城镇小学实行藏语和国家通用语言同步教学,主要课程用藏语授课。中学阶段也同时用藏语和国家通用语言授课。

After democratic reform, the Constitution, Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy and Law on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language and local regulations made specific requirements on the teaching, use and development of ethnic languages to establish a proper bilingual teaching system. At present, bilingual teaching has been introduced in some urban primary schools and all those in agricultural and pastoral areas, with main courses taught in Tibetan. Middle school courses are taught in both Tibetan and standard Chinese.

 

截至2017年,西藏共建成幼儿园1239所,小学806所,各级中学132所,高等教育院校7所,各级各类学校毕业人数从1959年的1.8万人增加到53万多人。内地办学成效显著,现有21个省市办有西藏班(校),累计为西藏培养输送中专以上人才3.6万余人。1985年,国家开始对农牧民子女和城镇困难家庭子女实行“三包”(包吃、包住、包基本学习费用)政策并18次提高标准,“三包”保障范围不断扩大,保障水平不断提高。2012年起,西藏全面落实15年义务教育免费“三包”政策。2018年,西藏小学净入学率和初中、高中、高等教育毛入学率分别达到99.5%、99.5%、82.3%和39.2%,人均受教育年限达到9.55年。

By 2017, Tibet had 1,239 kindergartens, 806 primary schools, 132 middle schools and seven institutions of higher learning. The number of graduates from these schools has increased from 18,000 in 1959 to over 530,000 today. Remarkable success has been achieved in running Tibetan classes in the rest of the country. Twenty-one provinces and cities are running such classes (schools).  Over 36,000 Tibetan students of such classes have won credentials above the level of secondary technical school and got back to work in Tibet. In 1985, the state began to adopt the Three Guarantees policy – providing food, accommodation and school expenses – for children of farmers and herdsmen, as well as children from impoverished urban families. The standard has been raised 18 times. The policy coverage has expanded and the benefits increased. From 2012, Tibet has implemented the policy across the board for 15-year compulsory education. In 2018, the net enrollment rate in primary school was 99.5 percent, and gross enrollment rates in junior high, senior high and higher education were 99.5, 82.3 and 39.2 percent respectively, with the per capita length of education reaching 9.55 years.

 

——医疗卫生事业不断发展

– Constant development of medical services

 

经过60年的发展,西藏彻底摆脱了医疗卫生落后的局面,基本实现了与全国同步发展,各族人民健康权得到有效保障。医疗服务、妇幼保健、藏医藏药、疾病防控等服务体系不断健全,到20世纪70年代末期,原有的严重危害群众健康的全区性传染疾病基本得到控制,各类传染病、地方病发病率和死亡率大幅下降。改善医疗卫生基础设施工作稳步推进,自治区级、市(地)级医院和71个县级医院陆续得到改扩建,覆盖城乡的自治区、市(地)、县、乡四级医疗服务体系初步形成。以农牧区医疗制度为例,西藏一直对农牧民实行特殊的免费医疗政策,以免费医疗为基础,以政府投入为主导,家庭账户、大病统筹和医疗救助相结合的农牧区医疗制度全面建立。尤其是在党中央的特殊关怀下,实施医疗人才“组团式”援藏工作,集结全国知名三甲医院支援自治区人民医院和七市(地)人民医院,助推西藏医疗卫生事业实现加快发展。

Over the past 60 years, Tibet has made steady progress in medical and health services, sharing synchronous development with the rest of the country and protecting the health rights of all people in Tibet. The system of medical services, maternity and child care, Tibetan medicine and therapies, and prevention and control of diseases has improved. By the late 1970s, regional epidemics presenting significant health hazards had been brought under control, and the morbidity and mortality rates of infectious and endemic diseases were in sharp decline. Solid efforts have been made to improve the medical and health infrastructure. Hospitals at all levels, including 71 county-level hospitals, have been renovated and expanded. A medical service system covering regional, municipal (prefectural), county and town levels is in place. In rural and pastoral areas farmers and herdsmen enjoy special preferential policies concerning medical services. This is a full-fledged policy which relies mostly on government input, supplemented by personal payment, social pooling for severe diseases and provision of medical aid. The central government attaches special importance to medical services in Tibet and send to Tibet medical workers selected from renowned hospitals across the nation. They are assigned to work in Tibet Autonomous Region People’s Hospital and the hospitals in seven cities (prefectures), thereby helping to accelerate the development of medical and health services in Tibet.

 

藏医药得到有效传承和发展。各市(地)、县相继成立藏医院,并不断规范藏医诊疗标准。“十二五”(2011-2015年)以来,国家中医药管理部门组织整理了中国29个少数民族医药文献资料150部,其中西藏承担了20部藏医药文献整理和10项适宜技术筛选工作。2018年,“藏医药浴法”列入联合国教科文组织人类非物质文化遗产代表作名录。截至2018年底,西藏共有50所公立藏医医疗机构,床位数达到2412张。

Tibetan medicine and therapies are being effectively conserved, and passed down from generation to generation. Hospitals providing Tibetan medicine have been set up in all cities (prefectures) and counties, and therapeutic standards are consistently regulated and improved. Since the beginning of the 12th Five-year Plan (2011-2015), the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine has organized experts to collate and compile 150 volumes of medical literature from 29 ethnic groups. Tibet is responsible for the compilation of 20 of these on Tibetan medicine and therapies. It is also responsible for examining 10 practical medical techniques. In 2018, Lum medicinal bathing of Sowa Rigpa was registered on the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List. By the end of 2018, Tibet had 50 hospitals providing Tibetan medicine, offering in total 2,412 beds.

 

目前,以拉萨为中心,辐射全区城乡的中医西医藏医相结合的医疗卫生服务体系基本建立,全区有各级各类医疗卫生机构1547个,床位16787张,医疗卫生专业技术人员总数达到19035人,分别比民主改革前增长24倍、35倍和23倍。全区孕产妇死亡率由解放初期的5000/10万下降到2017年的102/10万,婴儿死亡率由430‰下降到10.38‰。

A medical and health service system featuring traditional Chinese medicine, Western medicine, and Tibetan medicine, with Lhasa at the center and radiating throughout the whole autonomous region, is now in place. In Tibet today there are 1,547 medical institutions of various types, offering 16,787 beds, and employing 19,035 medical staff, increasing by 24 times, 35 times and 23 times respectively, compared with those before democratic reform. The childbirth mortality rate of the Region fell from 50 per thousand at the beginning of liberation to 1.02 per thousand in 2017, and the infant mortality rate from 430 per thousand to 10.38 per thousand.

 

——社会保障水平大幅提升

– Significant increase in social security provision

 

旧西藏,即使在首府拉萨,都有大批无家可归的乞讨者。和平解放后,西藏工委曾通过发放救济粮对生活贫困者进行救济。民主改革后,西藏逐步建立起社会保险制度。目前,全区以养老、医疗、失业、工伤和生育五大保险为主体的覆盖城乡全体居民的社会保障体系全面建立,各项社会保险参保数达370.7万人次。2017年,全区享受基本养老保险待遇的共计375331人,享受基本医疗保险待遇的共计532326人次,领取工伤保险待遇的共计842人,享受生育保险待遇的共计14342人次,领取失业保险待遇的共计30577人。各项社会保险政策不断完善,全区企业职工养老保险、城镇职工医疗保险、城镇居民医疗保险等待遇水平全国领先。加大了对困难群众基本生活保障资金投入力度。2017年,西藏74个县(区)年满60周岁的人都能领到基础养老金,领取基础养老金人数共计283647人。城镇职工和居民医疗保险年最高支付限额分别达到30万元、20万元。自2019年1月1日起,西藏将城市低保标准提高到每人每年9600元,农村低保标准保持每人每年4450元,五保供养标准提高到每人每年4940元。

In old Tibet, even in its capital Lhasa, homeless beggars proliferated. After liberation, the Working Committee of Tibet began to distribute relief food to those living in poverty. After democratic reform, a social security system was set up. The social security system known as “five major types of insurance” (endowment insurance, unemployment insurance, work-related injury insurance, medical insurance, and maternity insurance) is now in place and covers both urban and rural residents, benefiting 3.71 million participants. In 2017, a total of 375,331 people in Tibet benefited from endowment insurance, 532,326 from basic medical insurance, 842 from work-related injury insurance, 14,342 from maternity insurance and 30,577 from unemployment insurance. Policies relating to insurance provision are improving. Benefits from endowment insurance for employees, and medical insurance for urban workers and urban residents were among the best in China. Basic living allowances for disadvantaged people have been improved. In 2017, people over 60 were entitled to receive basic pension in 74 counties (districts), and the number of eligible recipients stood at 283,647. The maximum payment limits of medical insurance for urban workers and residents were 300,000 and 200,000 yuan respectively. As of January 1, 2019, the government of Tibet has raised the minimum standard of subsistence allowance to 9,600 yuan for urban residents and 4,450 yuan for rural residents per person per year, and the standard for households (the aged, the infirm, old widows and orphans) eligible for the “five guarantees” (food, clothing, medical care, housing and burial expenses) to 4,940 yuan per person per year.