双语资料:《伟大的跨越:西藏民主改革60年》白皮书(五)
发布时间:2019年05月09日
发布人:nanyuzi  

七、加强了生态文明建设

VII. Enhancing Ecological Progress

 

西藏地处地球第三极核心区。保护好西藏高原生态环境,对于保障全球生态平衡有着重要战略意义。多年来,中央政府和西藏自治区政府,始终把保护好高原生态环境视为头等大事,持续推进有关工作。

Situated at the heart of the Earth’s “Third Pole”, Tibet plays a strategic role in maintaining the global ecological balance by protecting its plateau ecology. Over the years the central and regional governments have always given top priority to protecting the eco-environment on the plateau, promoting a series of plans and programs.

 

——不断加大生态环境保护力度

– Strengthening effort in ecological protection

 

旧西藏,生产力发展水平极其低下,基本处于被动适应自然条件和对自然资源的单向索取状态。随着经济社会的发展,特别是在全球气候变暖的背景下,西藏生态环境保护工作的紧迫性凸显出来。对此,从中央政府到西藏自治区政府都给予了高度重视。早在1975年,西藏自治区就成立了环境保护领导小组。1983年正式成立自治区城乡建设环境保护厅。此后,组织机构和管理体制、法规制度建设不断完善,西藏的生态文明建设和环境保护工作逐步走上了良性发展轨道。目前,西藏陆续出台《西藏自治区环境保护条例》《西藏自治区大气污染防治条例》等地方性法规,制定《西藏自治区实施〈中华人民共和国自然保护区条例〉办法》《西藏自治区实施〈中华人民共和国水法〉办法》《西藏自治区实施〈中华人民共和国水土保持法〉办法》《西藏自治区生态环境保护监督管理办法》《西藏自治区实施〈中华人民共和国草原法〉办法》,并相继出台了一批生态文明建设综合性指导意见,如《关于建设美丽西藏的意见》《关于着力构筑国家重要生态安全屏障 加快推进生态文明建设的实施意见》等,为开展自然保护区建设、湿地保护区建设、野生动植物保护、水资源管理保护、水土保持、防沙治沙、退耕(牧)还林还草和草原生态保护建设等工作提供了法规依据。2017年,自治区人民政府出台《关于大力开展植树造林推进国土绿化的决定》,对易造林地区按照“人均5棵树,消除无树户、消除无树村”的目标,大力推进全民植树。

In old Tibet, with an extremely underdeveloped economy, people could only adapt to the natural environment – they used whatever they could exploit from nature. As society and the economy develop, and especially with global warming on the rise, it has become a matter of urgency to protect the eco-environment in Tibet. In response to such a situation, the central and regional governments have taken a number of measures to address the problem. In 1975 the government of the Tibet Autonomous Region established a leading group on environmental protection, and then in 1983, set up a regional-level environmental protection department. Afterwards, with improvements in organization, management, laws and regulations, Tibet embarked on a path of sound development that supported ecological and environmental progress. The regional government has issued a series of local regulations, including the Regulations of the Tibet Autonomous Region for Environmental Protection, Regulations of the Tibet Autonomous Region on the Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution, and Measures of the Tibet Autonomous Region on the Supervision and Administration of Ecological and Environmental Protection; released measures for implementing state laws and regulations, such as the Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on Nature Reserves, Water Law of the People’s Republic of China, Law of the People’s Republic of China on Water and Soil Conservation, and Grassland Law of the People’s Republic of China; and guiding opinions such as the Opinions on Building a Beautiful Tibet and the Opinions on Building a National Eco-Barrier and Accelerating Ecological Progress. All of these have provided a legal basis for developing nature and wetland reserves, protecting wild fauna and flora, conserving and managing water resources, conserving water and soil, preventing and controlling desertification, returning farmland and pastureland to woods and grassland, and protecting grassland ecology. In 2017, the regional government issued the Decision to Promote Greening by Tree-Planting and Afforestation, which proposed that every person should plant an average of five trees, and that all households and villages should take part in tree-planting.

 

——生态保护区面积不断扩大

– Enlarging nature reserves and ecological reserves

 

自1988年建立第一个珠峰自然保护区以来,西藏已建立47个各类自然保护区(国家级11个),保护区总面积41.22万平方公里,占全区国土面积的34.35%;建立了22个生态功能保护区(国家级1个),纳入国家重点生态功能保护区转移支付县达36个;建立了4个国家级风景名胜区、9个国家森林公园、22处国家湿地公园以及3个国家级地质公园。国家持续加大投入,对生态保护成本和发展机会成本实施生态补偿。2001年以来累计兑现森林、草原、湿地、重点生态功能区等各类生态效益补偿资金316亿元。

Since the Qomolangma Nature Reserve was established in 1988, Tibet has set up 47 nature reserves of all kinds, including 11 at state level. The total area of nature reserves is 412,200 sq km – more than 34.35 percent of the total area of the autonomous region. There are 22 eco-protection areas, including one at state level, 36 counties in receipt of transfer payments from central finance for their key ecological roles, four national scenic areas, nine national forest parks, 22 national wetland parks, and three national geoparks. The central government has continued to increase eco-compensation for Tibet in return for its cost for protecting the eco-environment and the consequent losses in development opportunities. Since 2001, the central government has paid 31.6 billion yuan in eco-compensation to the autonomous region for protecting forests, grassland, wetland, and key ecological reserves.

 

——生物多样性持续恢复

– Restoring biodiversity

 

西藏先后实施了生态安全屏障保护与建设工程和“两江四河”(雅鲁藏布江、怒江、拉萨河、年楚河、雅砻河、狮泉河)流域造林绿化工程,生态保育效果显著。目前,全区森林覆盖率达到12.14%,森林面积1602.42万公顷(包括有林地、灌木林地、其他林地),森林蓄积量22.83亿立方米;全区天然草原综合植被盖度达45.9%,天然草原面积8893.33万公顷,湿地652.9万公顷。西藏有141种国家和自治区重点保护野生动物、38种国家重点保护野生植物、196种西藏特有动物物种、855种西藏特有植物物种、22种西藏特有鸟类物种,重要生态系统得到了有效保护。全区藏羚羊由20世纪90年代6万余只恢复到目前的20万余只,藏野驴由5万多头恢复到8万多头,黑颈鹤由3000余只发展到8000余只,野牦牛由7000余头上升到10000头左右。

Significant progress has been made in Tibet’s eco-safety barrier project and the afforestation project in the watersheds of the Yarlung Zangbo River, Nujiang River, Lhasa River, Nianchu River, Yalong River, and Shiquan River. Currently the autonomous region has 16.02 million ha of forests (including woodland, shrubland and other types of forestland), with a forest coverage rate of 12.14 percent and a growing forest stock of 2.28 billion cu m. The comprehensive vegetation coverage of natural grassland has reached 45.9 percent, the area of natural grassland is 88.93 million ha, and the area of wetland is 6.53 million ha. Tibet has 141 wild animals under state and regional protection, 38 wild plants under state protection, and 196 animals, 855 plant, and 22 avian species unique to the region. Key ecological system is under effective protection. The population of Tibetan antelopes has grown from 60,000 in the 1990s to more than 200,000. Tibetan wild donkeys have increased in numbers from 50,000 to 80,000, black-necked cranes from 3,000 to 8,000, and wild yaks from 7,000 to 10,000.

 

——人居环境显著改善

– Improving living environment for residents

 

西藏持续实施了流域综合治理、农村与城镇人居环境改善、工矿污染防控等系列环境保护工程,组织实施江河湖库水系连通综合治理,积极开展那曲市水生态文明城市试点建设,有效保护了西藏的碧水蓝天。西藏全面落实河长制湖长制,在全国率先建设了江河源生态功能保护区,开展了对纳木措、羊卓雍措等重点湖泊流域的环境治理和生态修复。在国家支持下,西藏不断推进美丽宜居城镇建设,进一步加快城镇生活垃圾、污水基础设施建设。截至2018年底,全区共建成106座城镇生活垃圾填埋场、89座生活垃圾转运设施,生活垃圾处理能力达到2241.9吨/日,转运垃圾471.3吨/日;城镇污水处理厂16座,污水处理能力达到37.4万吨/日,配套污水管网长度达903.42公里,县城及以上城镇生活垃圾无害化集中处理率达91.38%,县城及以上城镇污水集中处理率达61.17%。开展农村环境综合整治工作,不断加强城乡社区绿化美化,着力解决垃圾分类处理、噪音污染处理、污水排水、秸秆焚烧等问题。2010年以来共安排资金60.35亿元,开展6223个村人居环境建设和环境综合整治工作,改善了环境质量。目前,西藏主要江河湖泊基本处于天然状态,重要江河湖泊水功能区水质达标率为95.7%。环境空气质量优良率达到97.5%,珠穆朗玛峰区域环境空气质量继续保持在优良状态,达到一级标准。

Tibet has initiated a series of environmental protection projects, including the comprehensive control of drainage basins, improvement of the living environment of rural and urban residents, the prevention and control of pollution caused by industry and mining, the comprehensive control of construction linking rivers, lakes and reservoirs, and a piloted water ecology project in Nagqu City, effectively protecting the clear waters and blue skies of Tibet. Officials of relevant governments are designated to be responsible for governance of each river and each lake. The autonomous region has created pioneering ecological reserves in the headwater areas of rivers, and initiated environmental governance and eco-restoration projects in Lake Namtso, Yamdrok Lake and other key lake basins. With state support, Tibet has made concerted efforts to create more livable cities and towns, and moved faster in building infrastructure such as household waste treatment and sewage plants. By the end of 2018, there were 106 solid waste landfills to treat household waste from cities and towns with a daily capacity of more than 2,240 tons, and 89 household waste transfer facilities with a daily capacity in excess of 470 tons. There were 16 urban sewage treatment plants with a daily capacity of 374,000 tons and 903 km of pipe network. The rates of clean disposal of household waste and wastewater at and above the county seat level have now surpassed 90 percent and 60 percent. Moreover, efforts have been made to improve the overall environment in rural areas, promote the greening of urban and rural communities, and address such problems as inefficient waste sorting, noise pollution, sewage drainage, and crop-stalk burning. Since 2010, the autonomous region has spent more than 6 billion yuan to improve the living environment and the overall environment in 6,223 villages, with positive results. Currently all the major rivers and lakes in Tibet remain in their natural state, 95.7 percent of key waters have reached the national water standards, 97.5 percent of days are rated as “excellent” or “good” in terms of air quality, and ratings of air quality in the Qomolangma region are being maintained at either “excellent” or “good”, with Grade I air quality.