合则两利，斗则两伤——中美经贸摩擦：对话与合作是唯一解决办法
Cooperation Benefits Both While Confrontation Serves Neither China-US Trade Friction: Dialogue, Cooperation Is the Only Solution
驻津巴布韦大使郭少春就中美贸易争端发表署名文章
Ambassador Guo Shaochun Wrote an Op-ed in Herald on China-US Trade Frictions
2019年6月6日
6 June 2019
近期每当我阅读中国外交部例行记者会问答实录时，发现被提及最多的就是关于中美贸易战的问题。这一问题是当前中国国内和国际媒体的焦点，也在众多场合被论及。
Whenever I read the regular press briefing by the Chinese Foreign Ministry these days, I find the most frequently asked questions are about the trade war between China and the US. The Chinese and international media all come to focus on this issue and it also has become an important topic for discussion on various occasions.
中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室于6月2日发布了《关于中美经贸磋商的中方立场》白皮书。这是需要我们认真阅读，以全面理解“贸易战”问题的一份重要文件。
The State Council Information Office of the Chinese Government released a white paper, on June 2, titled “China’s Position on the China-US Economic and Trade Consultations”. It is the right document to read for us to gain a comprehensive understanding about this issue.
一、为什么美国对中国发动贸易战
Why has the United States waged a trade war against China?
2017年新一届美国政府上任以来，奉行“美国优先”政策，对外采取一系列单边主义和保护主义措施，动辄使用关税“大棒”，将自身利益诉求强加于他国，搅乱全球经贸格局。美国特别将矛头对准中国，于2017年8月启动单边色彩浓厚的“301调查”，无视中国多年来在加强知识产权保护、改善外资营商环境等方面的不懈努力和取得的巨大成绩，对中国作出诸多不客观的负面评价，采取加征关税、限制投资等经贸限制措施，挑起中美经贸摩擦。
Since the new US administration took office in 2017, it has trumpeted “America First”, adopted a series of unilateral and protectionist measures and regularly wielded tariffs as a “big stick” and coerced other countries into accepting its demands, causing disruption to the global economic and trade landscape. Specifically targeting China, in August 2017 it launched a unilateral investigation under Section 301. Turning a blind eye to China’s unremitting efforts and remarkable progress in protecting intellectual property and improving the business environment for foreign investors, the US issued a myriad of slanted and negative observations, and imposed additional tariffs and investment restrictions on China, provoking economic and trade friction between the two countries.
二、美国对华发动贸易战的策略和手法
The Strategies and tactics of the United States in waging a Trade War against China
1、极限施压，出而反尔
Maximum pressuring and backtracking
纵观十一轮中美经贸磋商，谁在出尔反尔，谁在反复无常，看一下过往新闻就一目了然。去年5月，中美双方就经贸问题达成共识，在华盛顿发表联合声明。但几天之后，美方就违背了双方共识。去年12月，中美双方就中方对美贸易采购数字达成共识，但美方却在此后的磋商中肆意抬高要价。所以，立场倒退、违背承诺的帽子绝对扣不到中方头上。是美国挑起的贸易争端，不是中国；是美国打响了加征关税的第一枪，不是中国；是美国在反复操弄极限施压，不是中国。
Looking at previous media coverage on the past 11 rounds of trade talks, it’s easy to see clearly which side has been flip-flopping all along. In May last year, China and the US reached consensus on trade and issued a joint statement in Washington, DC. But just a few days after that, the US abandoned the agreement. In December last year, the two sides reached consensus on the value of China’s purchases from the US, but in the following talks the US wantonly rejected the agreement and asked for more. It is never China that backtracks and breaks commitments; it is the US that provoked the trade disputes, not China; it is the US that fired the first shot in raising tariffs, not China; it is the US that repeatedly resorted to maximum pressuring, not China.
2、试图干涉中国主权事务
Intending to intervene China’s sovereign affairs
3月底至4月底，两国工作团队又进行3轮高级别磋商，取得实质性进展。经过多轮磋商，两国已就大部分问题达成一致。针对遗留问题，中国政府提出，双方要互谅互让，共同寻找解决分歧的办法。然而，美国政府得寸进尺，采取霸凌主义态度和极限施压手段，坚持不合理的高要价，坚持不取消经贸摩擦以来加征的全部关税，坚持在协议中写入涉及中国主权事务的强制性要求，导致双方迟迟未能弥合剩余分歧。2019年5月6日，美国不负责任地指责中国立场“倒退”，企图将谈判迄未完成的责任归咎于中国，并不顾中国坚决反对，自5月10日起将2000亿美元中国输美商品加征关税税率由10%提高至25%，导致中美经贸磋商严重受挫。5月13日，美国宣布启动对剩余约3000亿美元中国输美商品加征关税的程序。
From late March to early April 2019, the working teams of the two countries held another three rounds of high-level consultations and made substantial progress. Following numerous rounds of consultations, the two countries had agreed on most of the issues. Regarding the remaining issues, the Chinese government required mutual understanding and compromise for solutions to be found. But the more the US government is offered, the more it wants. Resorting to intimidation and coercion, it persisted with exorbitant demands, maintained the additional tariffs imposed since the friction began, and insisted on including mandatory requirements concerning China’s sovereign affairs in the deal, which only served to delay the resolution of remaining differences. On May 6, 2019, the US irresponsibly accused China of “backtracking” on its position to shift the blame for the inconclusive talks onto China. Despite China’s fierce opposition, the US raised the additional tariffs on US$200 billion of Chinese exports to the US from 10 percent to 25 percent, which represented a serious setback to the economic and trade consultations. On May 13 the US announced that it had launched procedures to slap additional tariffs on remaining Chinese goods, which are worth around US$300 billion.
3、对华发动科技战
Launching a technology war against China
随着中美贸易战的战火重燃，美国发现通过加征关税难以让中国经济屈服，于是将目光瞄准中国企业。5月15日，美国商务部工业和安全局对外宣布将华为科技有限公司列入“黑名单”，禁止将美国技术出售或转让给华为。
With the resumption of the Sino-US trade war, the United States found it difficult to bring the Chinese economy to its knees by imposing tariffs, so it set its sights on China’s enterprises. On May 15, the Bureau of Industry and Security of the US Department of Commerce announced that Huawei Technology Co. Ltd. had been put on a “blacklist” and banned the sale or transfer of US technology to Huawei.
与此相配合，一段时间以来，个别美国政客一再制造有关华为公司的谣言，但始终拿不出各国要求提供的确凿证据。美国国内对美方挑起与中国的贸易战、科技战造成的市场动荡、产业合作受阻发出越来越多的质疑。这种情况下，这些美国政客不断编造各种主观推定的谎言试图误导美国民众，甚至试图煽动意识形态对立。据德国媒体报道，经多年审查，英国、德国及欧盟方面均未发现华为产品存在明显“后门”，但美国思科设备却经常被发现安全漏洞，自2013年起已有10起“后门”事件。自“棱镜门”事件以来，美方对于国际上指控它非法从事网络攻击、窃密的事实依据，一直都是三缄其口。另一方面，不管是棱镜门事件也好、阿尔斯通事件也好，都让世人看清，所谓意识形态的趋同，也并没有妨碍美国对自己的盟友采取各种不正当的手段。美方以己之心度人之腹，为获取不正当的竞争优势，对他国企业造谣抹黑，却始终拿不出像样的证据。欧洲方面调查结论证明了华为的清白，也暴露了美国动用国家力量打压他国企业的不正当性。
To cooperate with the technology war, for some time certain US politicians have been fabricating rumours on Huawei without providing any convincing evidence as required by other countries. There have been growing criticism at home in the US over the market fluctuations and disruptions to industrial cooperation caused by the trade war and science and technology war initiated by the US. Under such circumstances, those US politicians, who have been trying to mislead the public by wilful lies, are even attempting to incite an ideological conflict. According to some German media, after years of review, the UK, Germany and the EU failed to find any “back-door” in Huawei products. Security loopholes, however, have often been detected in US company Cisco’s equipment, with 10 back-door cases revealed since 2013. Since the PRISM incident, the US has always kept silent on evidence-based accusations of its cyber attacks and cyber theft. The cases of the PRISM program and Alstom vividly tell the world that even similar ideologies do not prevent the US from taking unjustifiable measures against its allies. Presuming other’s behaviour by one’s own pattern, the US has been smearing foreign companies in an attempt to gain an unfair competitive advantage. But it has failed to produce any solid evidence. The findings of the European side have proven Huawei’s innocence and exposed the lack of legitimacy of the US suppression of foreign businesses with state power.
三、中国的反应和立场
China’s reaction and position
2018年3月以来，针对美国政府单方面发起的中美经贸摩擦，中国不得不采取有力应对措施，坚决捍卫国家和人民利益。同时，中国始终坚持通过对话协商解决争议的基本立场，与美国开展多轮经贸磋商，努力稳定双边经贸关系。中国的态度是一贯的、明确的。中美合则两利，斗则俱伤，合作是双方唯一正确的选择。对于两国经贸分歧和摩擦，中国愿意采取合作的方式加以解决，推动达成互利双赢的协议。但合作是有原则的，磋商是有底线的，在重大原则问题上中国决不让步。对于贸易战，中国不愿打，不怕打，必要时不得不打，这个态度一直没变。但美方有些人似乎对形势产生了误判，低估了中方捍卫自身权益的决心和意志，继续混淆视听，一味漫天要价。对此中方当然要明确拒绝，坚决反对。
In response to the economic and trade friction unilaterally initiated by the US since March 2018, China has had to take forceful measures to defend the interests of the nation and its people. At the same time, committed to resolving disputes through dialogue and consultation, China has engaged in multiple rounds of economic and trade consultations with the US in an effort to stabilise the bilateral commercial relationship. China’s position has been consistent and clear – that cooperation serves the interests of the two countries, that conflict can only hurt both, and that cooperation is the only correct choice for both sides. Concerning their differences and frictions on the economic and trade front, China is willing to work together with the US to find solutions, and to reach a mutually beneficial and win-win agreement. However, cooperation has to be based on principles. There are bottom lines in consultations. China will not compromise on major issues of principle. China does not want a trade war, but it is not afraid of one and it will fight one if necessary. China’s position on this has never changed. However, some people in the US seemed to have misjudged the current situation and underestimated China’s determination and will to defend its rights and interests. They were still muddying the waters and making impossible demands. It was only natural for China to oppose and resist that.
作为世界前两大经济体，中美经贸关系既对两国意义重大，也对全球经济发展有着举足轻重的作用。美方本应与中方一道，肩负起应有的责任，推动全球经济增长。但美方却一意孤行，单方面发起贸易战，多次在中方满怀诚意进行磋商之时，违背双方共识，对华加征关税。谁是新一轮中美关税战的始作俑者，谁是阻碍全球自由贸易的规则破坏者，谁又是拖累世界经济的风险制造者，国际社会自有公论。
The economic and trade relations between China and the US, the two biggest economies in the world, are of great significance to the two countries and the global economy. The US should have worked with China and shouldered its responsibilities for global growth. But on the contrary, it insisted on staging a trade war unilaterally and repeatedly increased tariffs on Chinese goods against standing consensus while China has kept full sincerity for the consultations. The international community has its fair judgment on who is the initiator of the latest round of a tariff war, the rule-breaker in free trade and the generator of risks in global economy.
中华民族富有创新精神，勇于吃苦耐劳，在5000多年文明发展进程中，创造了高度发达的文明，为人类进步作出重要贡献。新中国成立以来特别是改革开放以来，中国的科技事业在艰难中起步，在改革中发展，在创新中突破，取得了举世瞩目的成就。历史和事实充分证明，中国在科技创新方面取得的成就不是偷来的、不是抢来的，而是通过自力更生、艰苦奋斗得来的。2017年，中国全社会研发投入达1.76万亿元，规模居世界第二位；发明专利申请量达到138.2万件，连续7年居世界首位；发明专利授权32.7万件，同比增长8.2%，有效发明专利保有量居世界第三。中国始终以互利共赢作为基本价值取向开展国际技术合作，中国经济发展受益于国际技术转让和传播，国际技术持有者也从中获得了巨大利益。中国鼓励和尊重中外企业按照市场原则自愿开展技术合作，坚决反对强制技术转让，严厉打击侵犯知识产权的违法犯罪行为。指责中国发展靠“盗窃”知识产权，完全是无中生有、极其荒谬；指责中国强制技术转让没有事实依据，完全站不住脚。
China is an innovative and diligent nation. It has created a highly-sophisticated civilisation and contributed significantly to human progress over the course of 5 000 years. Since the founding of the People’s Republic in 1949, and in particular since the beginning of reform and opening up in 1978, China’s scientific and technological undertakings have passed through a series of phases. They started from a difficult beginning, forged ahead in the course of reform, and have now achieved multiple breakthroughs featuring a variety of innovations. These achievements have won worldwide recognition. Historical records confirm that China’s achievements in scientific and technological innovation are not something we stole or forcibly took from others; they were earned through self-reliance and hard work. In 2017, total R&D investment in China reached RMB1,76 trillion, ranking second in the world. The number of patent applications reached 1,382 million, ranking No. 1 in the world for the seventh consecutive year. The number of invention patents granted reached 327 000, up by 8,2 percent year-on-year. China ranks third in the world in terms of valid invention patents held. China has always pursued international technical cooperation with mutual benefit and win-win as the basic value orientation. China’s economic development has benefited from international technology transfer and dissemination. International holders of technology have also reaped enormous benefits from this process. China encourages and respects voluntary technical cooperation between Chinese and foreign firms based on market principles. It strongly opposes forced technology transfer and takes resolute action against intellectual property infringement. Accusing China of “stealing” intellectual property to support its own development is an unfounded fabrication. Accusations against China of forced technology transfer are baseless and untenable.
美国的贸易保护主义措施会对中国经济造成一定影响，但完全可以克服。中国有信心、有能力抵御任何外部风险和冲击。今年一季度，中国国内生产总值同比增长6.4%，增速超出预期。特别值得一提的是，内需已成为拉动中国经济增长的主要引擎，去年中国消费对经济增长的贡献率已达76.2%。不久前，国际货币基金组织发布《世界经济展望报告》，将2019年全球经济增长预期下调至3.3%，但将中国经济增长预期上调了0.1个百分点至6.3%。这也是世界主要经济体中唯一被上调的国家。中国的贸易伙伴遍天下，中国正加快从贸易大国走向贸易强国，世界各国都想分享中国发展的红利，实现互利共赢。如果有人不愿与中国做生意，自然会有别人来填补空缺。
Trade protectionist measures of the US side will have some impact on our economy, but we can totally overcome it. China has the confidence and capability to guard against any external risks and impacts. In the first quarter this year, China’s GDP grew by 6,4 percent year on year, which is more than expected. In particular, domestic demand has become the main driver for growth. Last year, consumption contributed 76,2 percent of our economic growth. In its recent World Economic Outlook report, the IMF downgraded its outlook for global economic growth to 3,3 percent while upgrading China’s growth to 6,3 percent from 6,2 percent. China was the only country that got upgraded in the forecast among all major economies. With trade partners all around the world, China is turning more rapidly into a strong trading nation. Many countries would like to share China’s development dividends. If some country does not want to do business with China, others will soon fill in the vacancy.
中国改革开放40年来，经济社会发展取得巨大成就，外商在华投资营商环境持续得到改善，中国已经连续多年成为世界各国企业最为青睐的投资目的地之一。世界银行《2019年营商环境报告》显示，中国营商环境排名大幅提升了32位。中国美国商会发布的2019年《中国商务环境调查报告》显示，将近80%的受访企业表示，中国投资环境正在改善或保持不变；62%的企业视中国为全球投资的首要或前三大投资目的地。根据中方有关部门统计，2018年中国新设外资企业超过6万家，增长69.8%。中国拥有完备的产业体系，拥有不断增强的科技创新能力，拥有世界上规模最大的中等收入群体，拥有巨大的国内消费市场和投资市场。我们对中国经济前景充满信心，会继续按照自己的节奏和步伐，根据自己的时间表和路线图，坚定推进改革开放，坚定推进经济高质量发展，实现中国经济行稳致远。
In China, over the past four decades of reform and opening up, enormous achievements have been made in economic and social development. As foreign investment environment keeps improving, China has become one of the most popular destinations for global investment for many consecutive years. According to the World Bank’s Doing Business 2019 report, China has moved up over 30 places in the ease of doing business rankings. According to the 2019 Business Climate Survey released by the American Chamber of Commerce in China, around 80 percent surveyed business representatives said the investment environment in China has improved or stayed the same; 62 percent of them ranked China as the first or top-three investment destination worldwide. Latest statistics from relevant Chinese authorities show that the number of foreign companies newly set up in China in 2018 topped 60 000, up by 69,8 percent. China has a well-developed industrial system, growing capability for scientific and technological innovation, the largest middle-income population and a huge market for domestic consumption and investment. With every confidence in our economy, following our own timetable and road map, we will continue to advance the reform and opening up and pursue high-quality growth for steady and sustained progress.
中国欢迎外国企业加大对华投资，我们将继续努力，为外国投资者营造更加稳定、公平、透明、可预期的投资营商环境。习近平主席在第二届“一带一路”国际合作高峰论坛开幕式上宣布，中国将采取一系列重大改革开放举措，促进更高水平对外开放。我们将进一步扩大外资市场准入，增加商品和服务进口，重视对外开放政策贯彻落实。相信这必将为世界各国企业在华投资经商提供新的机遇，也必将为维护自由贸易体制，推动世界贸易增长作出新的贡献。
Foreign enterprises are welcome to increase their investment in China and we will continue to foster an investment and business environment that is more stable, fair, transparent and predictable for them. At the second “Belt and Road” Forum for International Cooperation, President Xi Jinping announced that China will take a series of major steps to promote higher-standard reform and opening up. We will expand market access for foreign investment, increase the import of goods and services and implement in real earnest opening-up policies. This will surely provide new opportunities for enterprises worldwide to invest and operate in China, and contribute to the free trading system and growth in global trade.
当务之急，希望美方与中方共同努力，相向而行，争取在相互尊重基础上达成一个互利双赢的协议。这不仅符合中方利益，也符合美方利益，更是国际社会的普遍期待。同时，磋商如果要有意义，就必须要有诚意。考虑到美方在此前中美经贸磋商中的一些做法，磋商应当遵循两点，一是必须要有原则，必须相互尊重、平等互利；二是要守信用。
The pressing task at the moment, which is also our hope, is that the US will work with China to meet each other halfway and strive for a mutually-beneficial agreement on the basis of mutual respect. It serves the interests of both China and the US and is the common aspiration of the international community. As we believe, it takes sincerity to make a consultation meaningful. Judging from what the US did in previous talks, there are two things that must be made clear. First, the consultation needs to follow the principle of mutual respect, equality and mutual benefit. Second, words must be matched with deeds.
四、津巴布韦遭受的霸凌主义
The bullying practice towards Zimbabwe
贸易战是美国对中国和其他部分国家推行霸权主义和强权政治的一种形式，在津巴布韦，霸权主义体现在美国对津近20年的制裁上。虽然有关国家声称该制裁只针对津141个个人和实体，但事实是这些措施破坏了津经济发展环境，阻碍津从国际金融机构申请必要贷款，吸引外国直接投资和外汇转账等，从而导致津经济衰退，药品短缺，甚至无辜民众为此失去生命。
The trade war is one form of American hegemonic act and power politics against China and some other countries and here in this country the hegemony is reflected in the around 20 years of US sanctions against Zimbabwe. The sanctions, though, are claimed to be just against 141 individuals and entities, have undermined the environment for Zimbabwe’s economic development, for instances, obstructing the country’s application for necessary loans from international financiers, promotion of foreign direct investment and the transfer of foreign currency, leading to economic decay, shortage of medicines, even loss of lives of innocent people.
津巴布韦总统姆南加古瓦勇敢地经受住了这些压力，最近他在一次讲话中强调指出：“津巴布韦经济受到西方国家制裁的严重影响。当前津巴布韦已经进入新的政治经济发展阶段，无论是继续遭受制裁，还是推动解除了制裁，我们都必须集中精力发展我们的经济”。
President Emmerson Mnangagwa has been bravely enduring the pressure and recently said “the Zimbabwean economy was greatly affected by the sanctions imposed by Western countries. Under the new dispensation, we have said, with or without sanctions, we must focus on developing our economy.”
中国决不会屈服于任何强权的压力。没有人能够将自己的想法强加于中国。没有任何挑战能够阻碍中国的发展。展望未来，中国致力于在平等互利的基础上进行可信的协商。在反对霸权主义和强权政治的正义事业中。中国将继续得到包括津巴布韦在内的广大友好国家的支持。继续秉持相互尊重、平等互利原则。
China will never bow to the pressure from any big power. No one can force its plan on China. No challenge can hold back China’s development. Looking forward, China is committed to credible consultations based on equality and mutual benefit. China will continue to get support from all the friendly countries including Zimbabwe in this just cause against hegemony and power politics. The principle of mutual respect, equality and mutual benefit will prevail.
和则两利，斗则两伤。在一个互联互通不断发展的世界里，我们应同舟共济，争取互利共赢。
Cooperation will benefit both China and the US while confrontation serves the interest of neither. In a world of inter-connected development, we are all in the same boat and need to strive for win-win results.