The IMF’s Purpose: Delivering for People

国际货币基金组织的宗旨：造福于民

 

2019 World Bank Group-IMF Annual Meetings Plenary

2019年国际货币基金组织―世界银行年会全体会议

 

Kristalina Georgieva, IMF Managing Director

国际货币基金组织总裁 克里斯塔利娜·格奥尔基耶娃

 

October 18, 2019

2019年10月18日

 

1. Introduction

1. 引言

 

Mr. Chairman, Governors, distinguished Guests:

主席先生、各位理事、尊敬的来宾们：

 

It is a great honor to address you for the first time as Managing Director of the IMF – and even more so in the presence of James Wolfensohn, who placed the fight against poverty at the heart of the World Bank.

我很荣幸第一次以国际货币基金组织总裁的身份向大家发表演讲，更荣幸的是能在詹姆斯·沃尔芬森面前致辞，他将消除贫穷作为了世界银行工作的核心。

 

I am very fortunate to take over from a remarkable woman, whose vision and dedication have made the IMF stronger, more innovative, and more relevant. Thank you, Christine!

我非常幸运能够担任国际货币基金组织总裁一职，而我的前任是一位成就斐然的女士，正是由于她的远见卓识和无私奉献，国际货币基金组织才得以比以往更加强大、更富创新性且更具重要意义。感谢你，克里斯蒂娜！

 

And most sincere thanks to David Lipton, who has so ably led the Fund in this interim period.

此外，我还要衷心感谢大卫·利普顿，他在过渡时期展现了领导国际货币基金组织的出色能力。

 

I am delighted to share the stage with Aiyaz Sayed-Khaiyum, the Chair of the Board of Governors; and David Malpass, the President of the World Bank Group. It is a privilege to join you in serving our members.

我非常高兴与理事会主席艾亚兹·赛义德-海尤姆和世界银行集团行长戴维·马尔帕斯携手登场。能与你们一道为我们的成员国服务，这对我来说可谓三生有幸。

 

“Economics is essentially a moral science and not a natural science. That is to say, it employs introspection and judgments of value.”

“经济学本质上是一门道德科学，而非自然科学。也就是说，它运用了反省和价值判断。”

 

For all their methodical work, Fund staff are guided by their commitment to improving people’s lives. They are not just employing judgements of value; they are seeking to add real value.

国际货币基金组织的工作人员尽管只是按部就班地开展常规工作，但都是以改善人民的生活为己任。他们并不仅仅是运用价值判断；他们还在寻求增加实际价值。

 

Let me begin by quoting John Maynard Keynes, one of our founding fathers, who once said:

请允许我引用我们的创始人之一——约翰·梅纳德·凯恩斯的话作为今天演讲的开场白：

 

These words speak to the purpose of the IMF and its staff.

这番话道出了国际货币基金组织及其工作人员的宗旨。

 

In everything we do, we aim to make a clear connection between our work and the benefits it brings for the economies and people of our member countries.

但凡我们所为，我们的目标都是在所开展的工作与其为经济体和成员国人民带来的惠益之间建立明确的关联。

 

I have seen this first-hand when the IMF supported my own country, Bulgaria, in its economic transformation – from crisis, to recovery, to more jobs and higher living standards.

在国际货币基金组织支持我的祖国保加利亚实现从危机到复苏再到扩大就业和提高生活水平这一经济转型时，我切身体会到了这一点。

 

I have seen time and again how ordinary people benefit when transitions are well managed, when the IMF is playing its essential role in promoting sound policies for inclusive and sustainable growth.

我一次又一次目睹了当国际货币基金组织在促进通过稳健的政策实现包容和可持续的经济增长时，管理有方的转型是如何造福于普通民众的。

 

And I am mindful of the responsibility that comes with my position – especially at a time of accelerating change in technology, climate, and the nature of work, to name just a few.

我也深知担任国际货币基金组织总裁这一职务意味着需要承担无比重大的责任——尤其是在技术、气候和工作性质等都在不断加速变化的时代。

 

Change creates huge new opportunities but also risks that we all must navigate.

变化为我们创造了巨大的新机遇，也给所有人带来了必须艰难应对的风险。

 

In this environment, I think of the Fund as being an important “transmission line” – of knowledge, financial resources, good policies, and capacity development. A wealth of experiences and tools that help countries embrace the benefits of change and reduce the risk of falling behind.

在这种环境下，我认为国际货币基金组织是知识、金融资源、良好政策以及能力建设的重要“传导线”。它拥有丰富的经验和大量的工具，能够帮助各国迎接变革带来的好处并减少落后的风险。

 

2. Global outlook

2. 全球前景

 

Being able to transmit the right signals is always important, but even more so when the world economy faces headwinds. Indeed, after a synchronized upswing, we are now facing a synchronized slowdown.

传递正确信号的能力向来都很重要，在世界经济面临阻力时尤显重要。事实上，我们在经历了同步回升之后，目前正面临着同步放缓的境况。

 

A deceleration in nearly 90 percent of the world means that growth this year is expected to reach only 3 percent – its lowest rate since the beginning of the decade.

全球接近90%的地方减速增长，这意味着今年的经济增长率预计只能达到3%——本世纪初以来的最低水平。

 

Yes, the global economy is still growing – but too slowly.

没错，全球经济仍然在增长，只是增长速度过慢。

 

This is partly because trade tensions are now taking a toll on business confidence and investment. Add to this increased uncertainty – from Brexit to geopolitical tensions – and a further drag on growth from demographic pressures and record-high debt levels.

部分原因在于贸易紧张局势目前正在对商业信心和投资产生负面影响。雪上加霜的是，从英国脱欧到地缘政治紧张局势等种种状况提升了不确定性，而人口压力和史无前例的高水平债务又进一步拖累了经济增长。

 

This all spells a troubling medium-term outlook, especially in countries already facing difficulties, including some of the Fund’s program countries.

这一切都预示着令人不安的中期前景，尤其是在已经面临种种困境的国家，包括国际货币基金组织的部分规划国家。

 

We estimate that 45 developing countries, a total of nearly 1 billion people, will grow more slowly in per capita terms than the advanced world. Instead of catching up, those countries are set to fall further behind.

据我们估计，45个发展中国家（总人口将近10亿）的人均增速将慢于发达国家。这些国家非但没能迎头赶上，反而势必更加落后。

 

To meet this challenge, we need to step up cooperation within and across borders.

为了应对这一挑战，我们必须加强国内外合作。

 

What does that mean?

这包含哪些意思呢？

 

It means that countries must work together to find a lasting solution on trade and keep tensions from spilling over into other critical areas, such as currencies and technology.

它意味着各国必须戮力同心，寻求解决贸易问题的持久之道，并防止紧张局势对货币和技术等其他关键领域产生溢出效应。

 

We need to move from trade truce to trade peace.

我们需要从实现贸易休战迈向建设贸易和平。

 

Here, the recent announcement by the United States and China is a step in the right direction. The goal should be to build a better trade system – one that is fairer, more innovative, and more inclusive.

就此而言，美国和中国最近作出的声明可谓朝着正确方面迈出了一步。我们的目标应当是建立一种更加完善的贸易制度——更具公平性、创新性和包容性的贸易制度。

 

It also means building consensus at home to ensure that a more balanced approach is taken to support growth.

它还意味着在国内达成共识，确保采用更加平衡的办法支持经济增长。

 

Slower growth requires that monetary policy remain supportive. But we all recognize that it cannot do the job alone. Where space is available, fiscal policy must play a more active role.

经济增长放缓要求货币政策继续提供支持。但是我们大家都已认识到，货币政策独木难支。只要还有空间，财政政策就必须发挥更加积极的作用。

 

Above all, countries need to be committed to structural reforms that can boost productivity and resilience.

最重要的是，各国需要致力于开展各项能够促进生产率和提高韧性的结构性改革。

 

Think of lowering barriers to entry in service sectors, tackling gender discrimination in the labor market, and modernizing legal frameworks to reduce red tape and fight corruption.

考虑降低服务业部门的准入壁垒、消除劳动力市场的性别歧视，并且通过推进法律框架的现代化来简化手续和打击腐败。

 

Structural reforms are never easy to do. They sometimes involve taking on entrenched vested interests. And they require paying careful attention to the impact on vulnerable groups.

结构性改革从来都不是轻而易举的事。有时候需要挑战根深蒂固的既得利益。还需要密切关注对弱势群体的影响。

 

But they are critical to avoid getting stuck in mediocre growth – and to promote productivity, job creation, and higher incomes.

然而，它们对于防止经济陷入平庸增长以及促进生产率、创造就业和提高收入而言至关重要。

 

How can the IMF best support you in these efforts?

国际货币基金组织如何才能为各国的相关努力提供最有力的支持呢？

 

3. Strengthening the connection between policies and people

3. 强化政策与人民之间的关联

 

By further strengthening the connection between policies and people’s lives. By delivering results for you.

通过进一步强化政策与人民生活之间的关联，造福于各国。

 

I see three priorities:

我认为有三大要务：

 

(a) Economic fundamentals

(a) 经济基本面

 

One is to focus on economic fundamentals. For Fund staff, that is always the starting point. Always recognizing that sound economic policies are not an end in themselves – but rather a means to build more prosperous societies.

第一大要务是重点关注经济基本面。对国际货币基金组织工作人员来说，这自始至终都是工作的出发点。应当始终清醒认识到：稳健的经济政策本身不是目的，而是建设更加繁荣社会的手段。

 

I have personally witnessed the power of good policies and the impact of bad policies. During Bulgaria’s currency crisis in the 1990s, my mother lost 98 percent of her life savings to hyperinflation.

我对良好政策的巨大力量以及糟糕政策的恶劣影响有着切身的体会。在20世纪90年代保加利亚遭遇货币危机期间，我母亲一生积蓄的98%因恶性通货膨胀的发生而化为乌有。

 

That is something I always remember when I look at economic reform programs.

每当我考虑经济改革计划时，总会想起过去这一幕。

 

A good example is Jamaica, where two IMF-supported programs have delivered tangible results: a reduction in public debt by 50 percent of GDP, historically low unemployment, and inflation stability.

牙买加为我们树立了一个正面典型，该国实施的两项国际货币基金组织支持的规划取得了切实的成果：公共债务下降幅度达到GDP的50%、失业率降至历史低点而且通货膨胀水平稳定。

 

And I want to congratulate the Jamaican government for being very creative in bringing society on board – using reggae music to communicate the benefits of low inflation.

 

我想祝贺牙买加政府采用了让社会参与的创新做法——用雷鬼音乐来宣传低通货膨胀的好处。

 

This focus on results has been driving the ongoing progress in the Fund’s approach: improving the design of our lending programs, including expanding support for low-income countries at zero interest; upgrading our surveillance to enhance traction; and further integrating our capacity development with our surveillance and lending.

对结果的重视一直推动着国际货币基金组织的工作方法不断发展进步：持续改进我们贷款规划的制定工作，包括扩大了对低收入国家零息贷款的支持；持续升级我们的监督工作，以提高影响力；以及进一步将我们的能力建设与我们的监督和贷款工作相结合。

 

Given the precarious outlook, we must go further.

鉴于前景不稳定，我们必须“百尺竿头，更进一步”。

 

This means even more focus on countries that would be affected most in a downturn – fragile states, for example; and using our tools even more effectively, including precautionary instruments.

这就意味着进一步重点关注受经济下滑影响最深的国家（例如，脆弱国家）；以及更有效地使用我们的工具，包括预防性工具。

 

Above all, it means making our efforts even more attuned to individual country circumstances. In this way, we can deliver even better service to you.

尤其重要的是，它意味着需要努力调整我们的工作以更好地适应各国国情。这样，我们才能更好地为各国提供服务。

 

(b) Inclusive growth

(b) 包容性增长

 

The second priority is to focus on what matters most to people in their daily lives.

第二大要务是重点关注对人们日常生活最重要的问题。

 

Better jobs with higher wages, greater access to finance, and more opportunities for women and young people: these are all areas where we need more potent reforms and more public and private investment.

创造薪酬优厚、更好的就业机会、扩大融资渠道，以及为妇女和青年人提供更多机会：在所有这些领域里，我们需要开展更强有力的改革，也需要获得更多的公共和私人投资。

 

This will help countries to make their economies both more competitive and more inclusive. The goal is to unlock the full potential of human capital in all countries.

这有助于各国提高自身经济的竞争力和包容性。我们的目标是充分发挥所有国家的人力资本潜力。

 

In other words, if you want to be wealthy tomorrow, invest in your people today.

换言之，若要未来国家富足，须得当下投资于民。

 

It is appropriate, therefore, that the Fund has significantly stepped up its engagement on social spending issues.

因此，国际货币基金组织大幅加强对社会支出问题的参与工作相当合宜。

 

In Ghana, helping to create fiscal space for more education spending. In Georgia, supporting efforts to increase the minimum public pension. In Egypt, helping to expand a cash transfer program for poorer households.

它帮助加纳创造了财政空间以增加教育支出。它支持格鲁吉亚开展关于提高最低公共养老金的工作。它帮助埃及扩大了面向贫困家庭的现金转移支付计划。

 

And in many countries, helping to boost public revenue – which is essential for progress on the Sustainable Development Goals.

它还帮助许多国家增加了公共收入，而公共收入对于实现可持续发展目标方面的进展至关重要。

 

We will maintain this momentum and continue to build on the Fund’s strengths. Our global membership gives us a unique cross-country perspective; and a unique perspective over time – 75 years of experience, which we are marking this year.

我们将一如既往，继续扩大国际货币基金组织的实力。我们成员国遍布全球这一事实赋予了我们独特的跨国视角；以及独特的随时间变化的视角——我们拥有长达75年的经验，为此，我们今年还将举行周年纪念活动。

 

History also teaches us that our success depends on strong partnerships, including with other international organizations like the World Bank.

此外，历史也让我们明白，我们之所以能够取得成功，是因为与世界银行等其他国际组织建立了强有力的伙伴关系。

 

Think about what our joint efforts have already achieved: from debt relief in low-income countries, to financial stability assessments across a broad range of countries, to effective engagement on fintech and its implications for all countries.

不妨回想一下我们共同努力完成的那些工作：从低收入国家的债务减免，到广大国家的金融稳定评估，再到有效参与金融科技工作及其对所有国家的影响。

 

I commit to work with David Malpass to further expand our collaboration in key macro-critical areas, as well as on the ground in program countries.

我承诺将与戴维·马尔帕斯并肩努力，进一步扩大我们在具有宏观重要性的关键领域的合作，以及在规划国家开展的实地协作。

 

(c) Reinvigorating international cooperation

(c) 重振国际合作

 

This brings me to the third priority – reinvigorating international cooperation.

这就引出了我要说的第三大要务——重振国际合作。

 

I have always admired the IMF’s commitment to building bridges between nations. Even as some countries become more reluctant to reach out across borders, the global economy becomes increasingly intertwined.

一直以来，我对国际货币基金组织致力于在各国之间架设桥梁这项事业推崇备至。尽管有些国家越来越不愿跨越国界，但是全球经济已日益相互交错、密不可分。

 

So many issues can only be effectively addressed by working together. Action on climate is one of them. Here I am greatly encouraged to see the IMF’s continuing work on mitigation and adaptation, especially on carbon pricing and building resilience.

必须携手合作才能有效解决的问题数不胜数。气候行动就是其中之一。国际货币基金组织持之以恒地开展关于减缓和适应的工作、尤其是关于碳定价和建立经济韧性的工作，此举令我深受鼓舞。

 

Action on trade also requires more international cooperation, not less.

贸易行动同样需要增加而非减少国际合作。

 

The same goes for corporate taxation, financial regulation, and fighting money laundering and the financing of terrorism.

企业税收、金融监管以及打击洗钱和恐怖主义融资行为也是如此。

 

In this moment of heightened uncertainty, we also need a strong global financial safety net, with a well-resourced IMF at its center.

此时此刻，面对不确定性加剧的形势，我们还需要建立一个以资源充足的国际货币基金组织为中心、强大的全球金融安全网。

 

Safeguarding the IMF’s financial strength is a top priority – combined with continued efforts to ensure that the IMF’s governance becomes ever more reflective of its dynamic membership.

保障国际货币基金组织的资金实力是重中之重，同时还要继续努力确保国际货币基金组织的治理能够更好地反映其成员国的发展动态。

 

On this critical point, I am pleased to inform you that earlier this morning the IMFC endorsed a package – to ensure that the Fund will continue to have sufficient resources to provide full confidence that it can adequately support our membership and that quota and governance reforms will continue under the 16th General Review.

在这一关键点上，我很高兴地告诉大家，今天早些时候，国际货币与金融委员会批准了一揽子行动，以确保基金组织将继续拥有充足的资源，使人们对其能妥善支持成员国具有充分的信心；并确保在第16次份额总检查下继续实施份额和治理改革。

 

A properly resourced, properly representative Fund will be even more effective in addressing your needs.

一个拥有适当资源和恰当代表性的国际货币基金组织将能够更加有效地满足各国的需求。

 

Being more effective also means continuing to learn from experience and – at the same time – continuing to modernize the Fund: streamlining our systems, leveraging new technology, and further increasing the diversity of our staff – the IMF’s greatest asset. Your greatest asset.

“更加有效”还意味着继续汲取经验教训，同时继续推进国际货币基金组织的现代化：精简我们的制度、利用新兴的技术，以及进一步提高工作人员的多样性——我们的工作人员是国际货币基金组织最大的资产，也是各国最大的资产。

 

I also want to thank my Management team and our Executive Directors. Thank you for placing your trust in me.

我还要感谢我的管理层团队和各位执行董事。感谢你们对我的信任。

 

I want to thank them profoundly for their tireless efforts on your behalf.

我要代表各国，由衷地感谢我们的工作人员，感谢他们作出的不懈努力。

 

4. Conclusion

4. 结语

 

Serving our 189 member countries – large and small, rich and poor – is the greatest honor of my life.

能够有机会为我们189个或大或小、或富裕或贫穷的成员国服务，是我此生最大的荣耀。

 

As someone who grew up behind the Iron Curtain, I could never have expected to lead the IMF. That experience holds a simple lesson:

作为一个在“铁幕”后长大的人，我从未想过自己会成为国际货币基金组织的领导人。从我的经历可以得出一个简单的道理：

 

Nothing is impossible. Change is unstoppable. We can build a better world.

一切皆有可能。变革的脚步无法阻挡。我们有能力建设一个更加美好的世界。

 

Thank you.

谢谢大家！