双语:中国的人权主张与实践
发布时间:2021年07月29日
发布人:nanyuzi  

中国的人权主张与实践

China’s Proposals and Practices on Human Rights

驻冰岛大使金智健在冰岛《晨报》发表署名文章

Morgunblaðið Publishes a Signed Article by Ambassador Jin Zhijian

2021年6月21日

21 June 2021


人权是中冰两国间近来谈论比较多的一个话题,双方在该问题上存在分歧。许多冰岛朋友对中国的人权主张与实践缺乏了解,导致对中国人权状况抱有偏见。希望通过我简单的介绍,能有助于增进大家对中国的了解。

“Human rights” is an issue mentioned frequently between China and Iceland these days, and the two sides have different views on this matter. Many Icelandic friends don’t know much about China’s proposals and practices on human rights, leading to their prejudice against China’s human rights record. I hope my brief introduction to this topic may be conducive to your better understanding of China in this regard.


作为一个文明古国和最大的发展中国家,中国的人权主张与实践有其自身特色。中国把人权的普遍性原则与本国实际相结合,形成了以人民为中心的人权理念,主要包括:一是尊重人权发展道路的多样性。各国国情不同,只有将人权的普遍性原则同各国实际相结合,才能有效地促进人权的实现。世界上没有放之四海而皆准的人权发展道路和保障模式,人权事业发展必须也只能按照本国国情和人民需要加以推进。二是生存权、发展权是首要的基本人权。近代中国长期遭受外来侵略,国家贫穷落后,人民困苦不堪,毫无权利可言。中国人民深知免于贫困、免于饥饿为生存之本。多年来,中国始终把解决人民的生存权、实现人民的发展权作为第一要务,不断解放和发展生产力,致力于消除贫困,提高发展水平,为保障本国人民各项权利的实现创造了基础条件。三是整体推进各项权利。各项人权相互依赖,不可分割。中国坚持对各项权利的发展进行统筹协调,切实推进经济、社会、文化权利和公民权利、政治权利的平衡发展。四是人民的获得感、幸福感、安全感是检验人权实现的重要标准。中国政府坚持人民在人权事业中的主体地位,把人民利益摆在至高无上的位置,让人民过上好日子,使发展成果更多更公平地惠及全体人民,让每个人更好地发展自我、幸福生活。五是主张公正合理包容是国际人权治理的基本原则。中国始终是国际人权事业健康发展的倡导者、践行者和推动者,反对将人权政治化或搞人权“双重标准”,推动国际社会以公正客观非选择的方式处理人权问题。中国全面深入参与国际人权交流、对话与合作,与各国一道推动共同构建人类命运共同体,开创世界美好未来。

As a nation with ancient civilization and the largest developing country worldwide, China’s proposals and practices on human rights have its own characteristics. China has combined universal principles with the prevailing realities of the country, forming concepts of human rights with a people-centered approach. These concepts include: First, we should respect diversity in developing human rights. As various countries have different national conditions, human rights can only be effectively ensured by combining universal principles with the prevailing realities of different countries. There is no universally applicable path and model, and human rights can only be advanced in the context of national conditions and people’s needs. Second, the rights to subsistence and development are the primary rights. From 1840 to 1949, China suffered repeated foreign aggression and fell into poverty and backwardness. Living in misery, the Chinese people enjoyed utterly no right of any kind. Therefore, the people know very well what survival requires – no poverty and no hunger. Prioritizing people’s rights to subsistence and development, China has committed to liberating and developing productive forces, eliminating poverty, and enhancing its level of development. All this has laid the foundation for fulfilling the various rights of the people. Third, we should make an overall progress in all rights. All human rights are interdependent and inalienable. China coordinates the planning of all rights and endeavors to achieve a balanced development between economic, social and cultural rights and civil and political rights. Fourth, people’s sense of gain, happiness and security is an important criterion for evaluating human rights. The Chinese government upholds the people-centered approach, prioritizes the people’s interests before anything else, and promises a good life for the people, ensuring that the fruits of development offer greater benefits to all the people in a fair way, and enabling every person to enjoy opportunities for self-development and a good life. Fifth, fairness, being reasonable and inclusiveness are the basic principles of international human rights governance. China is always a supporter, practitioner and promoter of international human rights. We oppose politicizing human rights or applying double standards in matters related to human rights, and encourage the international community to address human rights issues in a fair, objective and non-selective manner. China is engaged in extensive, in-depth international exchanges, dialogue and cooperation concerning human rights, and works with the rest of the world to build a global community of shared future and a beautiful world.


经过长期不懈努力,中国成功地走出了一条符合国情的人权发展道路,取得了举世瞩目的成就:一是持续提升人民生活水平。新中国成立70多年来,中国的人均国内生产总值从不到30美元提高到超过1万美元,8亿以上的人口实现了脱贫,在中华民族历史上首次消灭了绝对贫困,成为第一个完成联合国千年发展目标减贫目标的发展中国家,对全球减贫贡献率超过70%。国民的衣食住行条件得到全面改善,健康水平持续提高,社会救助制度不断完善。二是切实保障人民各项权利。中国充分尊重人身权利和人格尊严,严格保障劳动者权利,建立起世界上覆盖人口最多的社会保障制度。人民当家作主,获得了真正的民主权利。中国政府坚持问需于民、问计于民,切实保障人民知情权、参与权、表达权、监督权。依法保障公民宗教信仰自由权利。中国有佛教、道教、伊斯兰教、天主教和基督教等宗教信教公民近2亿人,依法登记的宗教活动场所14.4万处。三是重视保障特定群体权利。中国有效保障少数民族的政治、经济、教育和文化等各项权利。十三届全国人大代表中,少数民族代表438名,占代表总数的14.7%。少数民族和民族地区经济社会实现跨越式发展,少数民族文化遗产和文物古迹得到有效保护,少数民族使用和发展本民族语言文字自由和宗教信仰自由得到充分保障。过去60多年里,新疆经济总量增长了200多倍,人均生产总值增长了近40倍,人均预期寿命由30岁提高到72岁,维吾尔族人口增长25.04%,远高于汉族人口2%的增幅。中国还持续加强对妇女儿童、残疾人、老年人的保护力度,不断完善各类保障体系。

Thanks to sustained and unremitting efforts, China has successfully blazed a development path of human rights that suits its national conditions, and has achieved world-renowned achievements. First, China makes great efforts in continuing to improve people’s living standards. Over the past 72 years since the founding of the PRC, China’s per capita GDP has risen from less than U.S.$30 to over U.S.$10,000. More than 800 million people have been lifted out of poverty. We have eliminated abject poverty for the first time in China’s history, becoming the first developing country to realize one of the UN Millennium Development Goals for poverty reduction, and contributing over 70 percent to the world’s poverty reduction. People’s need for daily necessities such as clothing, food, housing and transportation is better met, and their rights to health as well as social assistance have been significantly improved. Second, China effectively ensures that people enjoy their rights. In China, personal rights and dignity are well respected and protected, and workers’ rights are fully safeguarded. Hence, China has established a social security system that covers the largest population in the world. The Chinese people enjoy real democracy and they become the masters of their own country. The Chinese government always solicits people’s needs, relies on their wisdom, and protects people’s rights to know, to participate, to express, and to supervise. Besides, China protects freedom of religious belief in accordance with the law. The major religions practiced in China are Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Catholicism and Protestant Christianity, with nearly 200 million believers and about 144,000 places of worship registered for religious activities. Third, China protects the rights of special groups. China effectively guarantees the political, economic, educational and cultural rights of ethnic minorities. The 13th National People’s Congress has 438 deputies from ethnic minority groups, accounting for 14.7 percent of the total number of deputies. The ethnic minorities and ethnic minority areas have leapfrogged in social and economic development. Cultural heritage and relics of ethnic minorities are effectively protected, and their freedom to use and develop their own spoken and written languages as well as freedom of religious belief are also fully protected. Over the past 60 years, Xinjiang’s economy grew by more than 200 times, its per capita GDP increased by nearly 40 times, and residents’ life expectancy rose from 30 to 72 years. The growth rate of the Uyghurs in Xinjiang increased by 25.04%, much higher than that of the Han population, which is 2%. China has also continued to protect the rights of women, children, the elderly, and people with disabilities. The social security system for these people is also improving.


全球人权事业发展只有进行时,没有完成时。世界各国的人权状况没有最好,只有更好。中国将不断推动自身人权事业发展进程,同包括冰岛在内的世界各国在平等和相互尊重基础上开展人权对话交流,促进世界人权事业不断向前发展。

The development of international human rights will keep going on without an end. Every country has room for improvement in human rights. China will continue to promote the development of its own human rights, conduct dialogues and exchanges with various countries including Iceland on the basis of equality and mutual respect, and advance the international cause of human rights.